Testosterone is essential for bone health in men. It helps maintain bone density and improve bone microarchitecture, preventing fractures. So treating older men with hypogonadism — a condition that causes low testosterone levels — with the hormone should decrease their likelihood of getting fractures, right?

Surprisingly not, according to a study published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine. The research was conducted on 5,204 men between the ages of 45 and 80 with hypogonadism. Half received a low-dose testosterone gel daily, while the other half was given a placebo. The trial is part of a larger ongoing study sponsored by AbbVie, the maker of AndroGel, a testosterone gel.

Ahead of the trial, researchers estimated that the testosterone group would have a 30% lower risk of fracture than the placebo group, according to the paper’s authors, led by Peter Snyder, the medical director of Penn Pituitary Center. Instead, three years into the study, the cumulative incidence of fractures was 3.8% in the testosterone group, compared to 2.8% in the placebo group. 

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Many of cancer’s effects are visible — but the causes aren’t always so obvious.

There are hundreds of different types of cancer, and far more causes. 

"Cancer-causing agents, known as carcinogens, can be of various types and forms, working toward triggering mutations in the human body that lead to the development of cancer," said Dr. John Oertle, chief medical director at Envita Medical Centers in Scottsdale, Arizona.

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While some causes, such as tobacco use and UV radiation, are widely known for their harmful effects, there are many other hidden carcinogens in the environment that are equally harmful, the doctor told Fox News Digital.

"These hidden carcinogens are ubiquitous but often avoidable if people are aware of their inherent dangers," Oertle said.

"Environmental carcinogens often involve synthetic derivatives of industrial byproducts in addition to solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, radioisotopes and even carcinogenic microbes."

The doctor shared a list of some of these hidden carcinogens, their sources and the types of cancer they cause.

Dr. Marc Siegel, clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, described Oertle's list as "important."

"Even though we talk about potential carcinogens all the time, the ones mentioned in this list are the major players," he told Fox News Digital. 

"Though we are very familiar with the carcinogenic risks of tobacco, and UV light to the skin, others, like radon, are too frequently underestimated."

This carcinogen comes from cigarettes, leading to about 20% of all cancers and approximately 30% of cancer-related deaths in the country, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).

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Tobacco can cause cancer of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx, trachea, esophagus, lungs, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, ureters, bladder, colon, rectum and cervix, as well as leukemia, noted Oertle.

Organochlorines are pesticides that have been used in agriculture around the world since they were introduced in the 1940s, despite having high toxicity. 

While they’ve been largely banned in the U.S. due to health hazards, they are still used in other countries, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Organochlorines can potentially lead to breast, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, lung, oral/nasopharyngeal, thyroid, adrenal and gallbladder cancer, as well as lymphoma, according to Oertle.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals found in coal, crude oil and gasoline, according to the CDC. 

They are emitted into the environment with the burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage and tobacco.

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PAHs can come from cigarette smoke, vehicular exhaust, roofing tar, occupational settings and pharmaceuticals, Oertle said.

Breast, skin, lung, bladder and gastrointestinal cancers can stem from exposure to these chemicals.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted through the creation of paints, pharmaceuticals and refrigerants, among other products, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

They are also found in industrial solvents, petroleum fuels and dry cleaning agents.

VOCs are commonly found in the air, groundwater, cigarette smoke, automobile emissions and gasoline, Oertle warned.

The compounds can cause lung, nasopharyngeal, lymphohematopoietic and sinonasal cancers, as well as leukemia.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization (WHO) both classify ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and tanning beds as a human carcinogen.

UV rays can cause a variety of skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.

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Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the U.S., affecting one in five Americans in their lifetimes and resulting in 9,500 diagnoses each day.

A radioactive gas, radon is a byproduct of uranium, thorium or radium breaking down in rocks, soil and groundwater, according to the EPA.

When radon seeps into buildings and homes, people can breathe it in — increasing their risk of leukemia, lymphoma, skin cancer, thyroid cancer, various sarcomas, lung cancer and breast cancer, Oertle said.

A mineral fiber in rock and soil, asbestos has historically been used in construction materials. 

Although some uses have been banned, it can still be found in insulation, roofing and siding shingles, vinyl floor tiles, heat-resistant fabrics and some other materials, per the EPA.

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Oertle warned that asbestos exposure can increase the risk of lung, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal, colorectal, throat, kidney, esophagus and gallbladder cancers.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines cadmium as "a soft, malleable, bluish white metal found in zinc ores, and to a much lesser extent, in the cadmium mineral greenockite."

Cadmium can be found in paints, batteries and plastics, Oertle said.

The metal can be a factor in lung, prostate, pancreatic and renal cancers.

There are two types of this trace mineral, as noted on WebMD’s website.

One is trivalent chromium, which is not harmful to humans. The other type, hexavalent chromium, is considered toxic.

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Sources of the harmful chromium include chrome plating, welding, leather tanning and ferrochrome metals.

Inhalation of chromium, a known human carcinogen, has been shown to cause lung cancer in steel workers, per the CDC.

A heavy metal that is a known carcinogen, nickel is found in electroplating, circuitry, electroforming and batteries, noted Oertle.

Nickel has been linked to an increased risk of lung and nasal cancers, per the National Cancer Institute.

Overall, more than 1.9 million new cancer cases were diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023, and around 609,820 cancer-related deaths were reported, according to the ACS.

Dr. Brett Osborn, a Florida neurologist and owner of Senolytix, a longevity-based health consultancy, pointed out that in addition to being aware of the various carcinogens and limiting exposure to them, it's also important to take measures to quell inflammation.

"Nearly all age-related diseases, of which cancer is one, are underpinned by low levels of inflammation," Osborn told Fox News Digital.

To reduce inflammation, the doctor recommends eating a low glycemic index diet rich in olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids from fish or flax, strength training regularly, getting adequate sleep and using a probiotic supplement.

"Show your body the right signals, and it will respond in kind – you’ll have your health," Osborn said. "Expose it to the wrong signals and you'll turn on the ‘oncogenes’ that cause cancer."

The doctor added, "Cancer, aside from those associated with a specific gene mutation (typically pediatric cancer), is an ‘environmental’ disease, period."

For more Health articles, visit www.foxnews.com/health.

Gerontology, the study of ageing, is a relatively new science that has made incredible progress over the last 30 years. In the past, scientists looked for a single theory that explained ageing, but have realised that ageing is a complex interaction...

Guyana plans to ask Cuba to send more health workers here, even as government is poised to invest heavily in training facilities to counter the adverse impact of migration of nurses to other countries, according to Finance Minister Dr Ashni Singh. “Our nation continues to be challenged by competition for the services of our healthcare ...

In response to inquiries about Grenada’s Covid-19 statistics, Dr Charles said that week one — 1–8 January 2024 — recorded 17 cases

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Tobacco use declines despite tobacco industry efforts to jeopardize progress

Cristina Mitchell

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“Your level of physical activity, age, sex and overall health would determine how much food you need to consume to maintain a healthy and balanced diet”

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The treatment for different types of blood cancer, known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies or CAR-T, generally involves extracting disease-fighting white blood cells known as T-cells from a patient, re-engineering them to attack cancer and infusing them back into the body.The European Medicines Agency's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) said it will review data on secondary malignancies or the development of an additional type of cancer related to the T-cells, after patients use the medicines.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is also investigating six of these therapies approved in the EU.These include Bristol Myers Squibb's Breyanzi and its partnered therapy, Abecma, with 2seventy bio. J&J unit Janssen and Legend Biotech's Carvykti, Novartis' Kymriah, and Gilead unit Kite's Tecartus and Yescarta are also a part of the review, the EMA said.Read also: AbbVie, Umoja Biopharma collaborate to develop Novel In-Situ CAR-T Cell Therapies

PRODUODOPA is the first-and-only subcutaneous 24-hour infusion of levodopa-based therapy for the treatment of severe motor fluctuations in people living with advanced Parkinson's disease whose symptoms are inadequately controlled by other therapies. The continuous delivery of PRODUODOPA provides levodopa 24-hours a day which may help patients by extending the period when symptoms are well-controlled, often referred to as "On" time.

AbbVie was granted marketing authorization of PRODUODOPA through the Decentralized Procedure in the third quarter of 2022. The VYAFUSER pump for the subcutaneous delivery of PRODUODOPA received Conformité Européenne (CE) Mark in November of 2023.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 6.1 million people globally and is expected to double by 2040. Parkinson's disease is characterized by tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with balance. As the disease progresses, the severity of symptoms increases, and patients tend to experience greater disability and an impaired ability to perform activities of daily living, as well as the reemergence of symptoms as standard treatment wears off. Characteristics of advanced Parkinson's disease may include needing help with performing daily activities, increased motor fluctuations (changes in the ability to move referred to as "On-Off" times), difficulty swallowing, recurrent falls, dementia, dyskinesia (involuntary movements) and other symptoms.

"People living with Parkinson's disease experience daily challenges and uncertainty, especially as their disease progresses and symptoms are no longer adequately controlled," said Roopal Thakkar, Senior Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, Global Therapeutics, AbbVie. "This approval is an example of our unwavering commitment to this community by developing new, transformative therapeutic options for people experiencing advanced Parkinson's disease, their families, and care partners."

The launch was supported by three studies: the Phase 3, 12-month open label study (M15-741 study) which evaluated the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous infusion of PRODUODOPA, the Phase 3, 12-week study (M15-736 study) which compared the efficacy and safety of PRODUODOPA to oral levodopa/carbidopa, and a Phase 1 pharmacokinetic comparability study.

Findings from the M15-741 safety and tolerability study showed a favorable benefit/risk profile and demonstrated sustained improvements in "Off" time and "On" time without dyskinesia, and morning akinesia as measured by the percentage of patients in early morning "Off" time as recorded by PD diary.

"This approval represents a significant advancement for those with Parkinson's disease who have historically had limited treatment options for advanced stages," said Angelo Antonini, MD, PhD, Professor of Neurology at the Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy. "When oral treatment no longer sufficiently helps with improvement in motor fluctuations, patients need alternative options. PRODUODOPA's around-the-clock infusion allows for continuous delivery of levodopa, the gold standard of treatment."

"As Parkinson's progresses, it can take a significant physical and emotional toll not only on the person but also on their family and care partners, who often play a critical role in their daily lives," said Josefa Domingos, President, Parkinson's Europe. "It is vital that the Parkinson's community have more options that can help them manage their symptoms."

Read also: AbbVie, Umoja Biopharma collaborate to develop Novel In-Situ CAR-T Cell Therapies