PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
En Chile, Director de OPS se reúne con el Presidente Boric, abordan la reforma del sector salud, atención primaria y salud mental
In Chile, PAHO Director meets President Boric, discusses health sector reform and initiatives to strengthen primary care and mental health
Cristina Mitchell
25 Apr 2023
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WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations - Fox News
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WHO, Gates Foundation seek to reverse decline in routine childhood vaccinations - Fox News
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Organs go to waste in the Dominican Republic due to lack of coverage
According to the Ibero-American Organ and Tissue Transplantation Network, organ donation is an extremely selfless act as a single donor can save up to eight lives and benefit up to 75 people. Unfortunately, the Dominican Republic has one of the lowest rates of organ donation in Latin America due in part to the limited coverage of transplant programs by the healthcare system.
While kidney transplants are approved and about 100 are performed each year, other organs such as the heart, liver, lungs, intestines, pancreas, and tissues are not covered. This means that low-income individuals are unable to afford these procedures due to the lack of comprehensive financing.
There are approximately 250 patients with terminal renal failure, 800 requiring liver transplants, 500 requiring heart transplants, and over 100 in need of bone marrow transplants annually in the country. The director of the National Institute for the Coordination of Transplants (Incort), Fernando Morales Billini, believes that a law providing full coverage by Health Risk Administrators (ARS) for all organs except for the kidney would be beneficial for these individuals. However, Sisalril, the Superintendence of Health and Occupational Risks, claims that establishing financial coverage requires the presence of care networks, protocols, and cost information for effective coverage.
Although there are 13 hospitals in the country equipped to perform transplants, there are still obstacles preventing potential donors from contributing. These include family refusal, inadequate maintenance, and medical contraindications. Despite the challenges, the director of Incort believes that up to 500 potential donors could be produced in the country each year.
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Health
PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
World Malaria Day – Countries must step up efforts to reach vulnerable populations, PAHO Director says
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Cristina Mitchell
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Cristina Mitchell
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Dominican Republic signs agreement with US hospital
Yesterday, the Dominican Republic government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Montefiore Hospital and the Santo Domingo Autonomous University (UASD) to improve healthcare for Creoles and train Dominican doctors.
The agreement was signed by the Dominican Minister of Public Health, Daniel Rivera, and the UASD rector, Editrudis Beltrán, alongside the executive director of the Montefiore Hospital, Dr. Phillip Ozuah, in a ceremony led by President Luis Abinader at the National Palace’s Green Room.
The agreement aims to enable Dominicans living in the United States to access healthcare with Medicare insurance and to facilitate collaboration in research and project activities. The partnership seeks to enhance academic and technological aspects to enable health professionals to acquire new experiences and improve healthcare delivery.
During the ceremony, President Abinader highlighted the importance of working without political or ideological differences in the healthcare sector, saying that the agreement would help to improve the quality of life and save lives. He also noted that the Dominican government seeks to purchase ambulances, masks, and other healthcare items at better prices through Montefiore.
The Dominican Minister of Public Health, Daniel Rivera, described the alliance with Montefiore Hospital as transcendent, particularly because of the institution’s demonstrated solidarity with the Dominican community. The alliance will also support the professional development of human resources in health.
The agreement received support from Congressman Adriano Espaillat, U.S. Representative for New York’s 13th congressional district.
2 years 3 months ago
Health, World
Medical News, Health News Latest, Medical News Today - Medical Dialogues |
MD Emergency Medicine: Admissions, medical colleges, fees, eligibility criteria details
MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
The duration of this postgraduate
course is 3 years, and it focuses on the knowledge and abilities needed for the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute and urgent aspects of illness and
injury that affect patients of all ages with a wide range of undifferentiated
physical and behavioural disorders. It also includes knowledge of how
pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical systems have evolved, as well as
the abilities required for these developments.
The course
is a full-time course pursued at various recognized medical colleges across the
country. Some of the top medical colleges offering this course include All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, B J Medical College, Ahmedabad, AIIMS Rishikesh and more.
Admission
to this course is done through the NEET PG Entrance exam conducted by the
National Board of Examinations, followed by counselling based on the scores of
the exam that is conducted by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities.
The fee for
pursuing MD (Emergency Medicine) varies from college to college and may range
from Rs. 7,000 to Rs. 25,00,000 per year.
After
completion of their respective course, doctors can either join the job market
or pursue a super-specialization course where MD Emergency Medicine is a feeder
qualification. Candidates can take reputed jobs at positions as Senior
residents, Junior Consultants, Consultants, etc. with an approximate salary
range of Rs. 12,00,000 to Rs. 24,00,000 per annum.
What is MD in Emergency Medicine?
Doctor of
Medicine in Emergency Medicine, also
known as MD Emergency Medicine or MD (Emergency Medicine) is a three-year
postgraduate programme that candidates can pursue after completing MBBS.
Emergency Medicine is the branch of medical
science dealing with the knowledge and abilities needed to treat patients with
life-threatening or urgent medical conditions.
PG
education intends to create specialists who can contribute to high-quality
health care and advances in science through research and training.
The
required training done by a postgraduate specialist in the field of Emergency Medicine would help the specialist
to recognize the health needs of the community. The student should be competent
to handle medical problems effectively and should be aware of the recent
advances in their speciality.
The
candidate should be a highly competent Emergency Medicine Specialist possessing
a broad range of skills that will enable her/him to practice Emergency Medicine independently. The PG
candidate should also acquire the basic skills in teaching medical/para-medical students.
The
candidate is also expected to know the principles of research methodology and
modes of the consulting library. The candidate should regularly attend
conferences, workshops and CMEs to upgrade her/ his knowledge.
Course Highlights
Here are some of the course
highlights of MD in Emergency Medicine:
Name of Course
MD in Emergency Medicine
Level
Postgraduate
Duration of Course
Three years
Course Mode
Full Time
Minimum Academic Requirement
Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree
or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized as per the provisions of the
NMC Act, 2019 and the repealed Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and possessing
a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification
issued by the NMC/ the erstwhile Medical Council of India or State Medical
Council and have completed one year of internship.
MBBS degree obtained from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India by the NMC/ the erstwhile Medical Council of India and have completed one year of internship.
Admission Process / Entrance Process /
Entrance Modalities
Entrance Exam (NEET PG)
INI CET for various AIIMS, PGIMER
Chandigarh, JIPMER Puducherry, NIMHANS Bengaluru
Counselling by DGHS/MCC/State Authorities
Course Fees
Rs. 7,000 to Rs. 25,00,000 per year
Average Salary
Rs. 12,00,000 to Rs. 24,00,000 per annum
Eligibility Criteria
The
eligibility criteria for MD in Emergency Medicine are defined as the set of
rules or minimum prerequisites that aspirants must meet in order to be eligible
for admission, which include:
- Candidates
must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any
college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
- Candidates
should have done a compulsory rotating internship of one year in a
teaching institution or other institution which is recognized by the
Medical Council of India (MCI).
- The
candidate must have obtained permanent registration with any State Medical
Council to be eligible for admission.
- The
medical college's recognition cut-off dates for the MBBS Degree courses
and compulsory rotatory Internship shall be as prescribed by the Medical
Council of India (now NMC).
Admission Process
The
admission process contains a few steps to be followed in order by the
candidates for admission to MD in Emergency Medicine. Candidates can view the
complete admission process for MD in Emergency Medicine mentioned below:
- The
NEET PG or National Eligibility Entrance Test for Post Graduates is a
national-level master's level examination conducted by the NBE for
admission to MD/MS/PG Diploma Courses. - The requirement of
eligibility criteria for participation in counselling towards PG seat
allotment conducted by the concerned counselling authority shall be in
lieu of the Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations (as per the latest
amendment) notified by the MCI (now NMC) with prior approval of MoHFW.
S.No.
Category
Eligibility Criteria
1.
General
50th Percentile
2.
SC/ST/OBC (Including PWD of SC/ST/OBC)
40th Percentile
3.
UR PWD
45th Percentile
The
following Medical institutions are not covered under centralized admissions for
MD/MS seats through NEET- PG:
1. AIIMS,
New Delhi and other AIIMS
2. PGIMER,
Chandigarh
3. JIPMER,
Puducherry
4. NIMHANS,
Bengaluru
Fee Structure
The fee
structure for MD in Emergency Medicine varies from college to college. The fee
is generally less for Government Institutes and more for private institutes.
The average fee structure for MD in Emergency Medicine is around Rs. 7,000 to
Rs. 25,00,000 per year.
Colleges offering MD in Emergency
Medicine
There are
various medical colleges across India that offer courses for pursuing MD (
Emergency Medicine).
As per National Medical
Commission (NMC) website, the following medical colleges are offering MD (
Emergency Medicine) courses for the academic year 2023-24.
Sl.No.
Course
Name
State
Name and
Address of
Medical College / Medical Institution
Management
of College
Annual
Intake (Seats)
1
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
Sri
Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS), Tirupati
Govt.
2
2
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
P E S
Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam
Trust
2
3
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Andhra
Pradesh
Narayana
Medical College, Nellore
Trust
2
4
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Assam
Gauhati
Medical College, Guwahati
Govt.
4
5
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Chattisgarh
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur
Govt.
8
6
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Delhi
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Govt.
14
7
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Government
Medical College, Surat
Govt.
2
8
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Medical
College, Baroda
Govt.
1
9
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
Smt.
N.H.L.Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad
Govt.
6
10
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Gujarat
B J
Medical College, Ahmedabad
Govt.
5
11
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
JSS
Medical College, Mysore
Trust
2
12
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
JJM
Medical College, Davangere
Trust
3
13
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
M S
Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore
Trust
4
14
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
Kempegowda
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore
Trust
2
15
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
S S
Institute of Medical Sciences& Research Centre, Davangere
Trust
3
16
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
St. Johns
Medical College, Bangalore
Trust
3
17
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Karnataka
Vydehi
Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bangalore
Trust
2
18
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Government
Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut
Govt.
2
19
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Amrita
School of Medicine, Elamkara, Kochi
Trust
2
20
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Govt.
Medical College, Pariyaram, Kannur (Prev. Known as Academy of Medical
Sciences)
Govt.
2
21
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Kerala
Jubilee
Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur
Trust
3
22
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Bharati
Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune
Trust
3
23
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Dr D Y
Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
Trust
4
24
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Mahatma
Gandhi Missions Medical College, Navi Mumbai
Trust
5
25
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Maharashtra
Padmashree
Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai
Trust
3
26
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Orissa
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
Govt.
2
27
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Pondicherry
Jawaharlal
Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry
Govt.
8
28
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Rajasthan
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Govt.
4
29
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Tamil
Nadu
Sri
Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai
Trust
3
30
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Tamil
Nadu
Vinayaka
Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Salem
Trust
2
31
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Telangana
Nizams
Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
Govt.
2
32
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Telangana
Kamineni
Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally
Trust
2
33
MD -
Emergency Medicine
Uttarakhand
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh
Govt.
18
Syllabus
MD in
Emergency Medicine is a three years specialization course that provides
training in the stream of Emergency
Medicine.
As of 24/04/2023 the competency-based curriculum for MD
in Emergency Medicine course is not available on NMC's official Website.
However,
the course content of the Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University represented here
can be used for reference and an idea of what the Syllabus of the MD in Emergency
Medicine course will contain:
Pre-hospital
Care
Emergency
Medical Services
Prehospital
Equipment and Adjuncts
Air Medical
Transport
Neonatal
and Pediatric Transport
Mass
Gatherings
Disaster
Preparedness
Disaster
Medical Services
Bioterrorism
Response: Implications for the Emergency Clinician
Disaster
Management for Chemical Agents of Mass Destruction
Blast and
Crush Injuries
Radiation
Injuries
Resuscitative
Problems and Techniques
Sudden
Cardiac Death
Basic
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults
Neonatal
Resuscitation and Emergencies
Pediatric
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Pediatric
Airway Management
Resuscitation
Issues in Pregnancy
Ethical
Issues of Resuscitation
Noninvasive
Airway Management
Tracheal
Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
Surgical
Airway Management
Vascular Access
Invasive
Monitoring, Pacing Techniques, and Automatic and Implantable Defibrillators
Cerebral
Resuscitation
Newer
Resuscitative Techniques
Acid-Base
Disorders
Blood
Gases: Pathophysiology and Interpretation
Fluid and
Electrolyte Problems
Disturbances
of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction
Pharmacology
of Antidysrhythmic and Vasoactive medications
TRAUMA CARE
TRAUMATIC
DISORDERS
Principles
of care
Prehospital
trauma care
Triage
Resuscitation
and stabilization
• Hemorrhagic shock
• Neurogenic shock
Role of
emergency physician
Team
response
Reassessment
and monitoring
Diagnosis
Treatment
Consultation
Disposition
Injury
prevention and control
Cause of
injury
Homicide
Suicide
Family
violence
Motor
vehicle crashes
Falls
Drowning/near
drowning
Poisoning
Burns and fire-related
injuries
Occupational
injuries
Radiological
evaluation
Plain
radiography
Contrast
radiography
CT scan
Angiography
MRI
Ultrasound
Mechanism
of injury
Blunt
Penetrating
• Gunshot wounds
• Stab wounds
Kinematics
Diagnosis
and management by anatomic areas
Head trauma
• Scalp lacerations/avulsions
• Skull fractures
• Brain concussions, contusions
• Intracranial hematomas
• Brain stem injuries
• Penetrating head trauma
• Cerebrospinal fluid leaks
Spinal cord
and peripheral nervous system trauma
Complete
spinal cord injuries
Incomplete
cord injuries
Cauda
equina injuries
Nerve route
injuries
Brachial
and lumbo sacral injuries
Peripheral
nerve injuries
Injuries of
the spine
Fractures
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
•
Sacral/coccygeal
Dislocations/subluxations
•
Dislocations/subluxations
-
Unilateral facet
- Bilateral
facet
Ligamentous
injuries
•
Ligamentous injuries
Facial
fractures
Frontal
sinus
Mandibular
Maxillary
Nasal
Orbital
Dental
fractures and avulsions
Zygomatic
Soft tissue
facial injuries
Complex
lacerations
Avulsions
Severe
abrasions
Parotid
gland/duct injuries
Nerve
injuries
Ophthalmologic
trauma
Corneal
abrasions/lacerations
Foreign
bodies
Iritis
Hyphema
Lens dislocations
Retinal
detachment
Penetrating
globe injuries
Eyelid
lacerations
Lacrimal
duct injuries
Corneal
burns
• Acid
• Alkali
• Ultra
violet
Otologic
trauma
Lacerations
Avulsions
Sub-pericondrial
hematoma
Tympanic
membrane perforation
Neck trauma
Vascular
injuries
• Carotid
artery
• Internal
and external jugular veins
• Thoracic
duct
Penetrating
neck trauma
• Anterior
and posterior triangle injuries
Laryngotracheal
injuries
Lacerations
Crush
injuries
Vocal cord
avulsions/hematomas
Fracture
larynx
Tracheal
transection
Compression
with hematomas
Chest
trauma
Penetrating
chest trauma
Rib
fractures
Sternal
fractures
Flail chest
Clavicle
fracture/dislocation
Aortic
disruption
Myocardial
contusion
Pulmonary
contusion
Pericardial
tamponade
Vascular
injuries
Trachea
bronchial tree injuries
Pneumo
thoraces
Hemothorax
Abdominal
trauma
Penetrating
abdominal trauma
Abdominal
wall contusion
Solid-viscus
injuries
Hollow
viscus injuries
Vascular
injuries
Diaphragmatic
rupture
Evisceration
Mesenteric
avulsion, hematoma
Bladder
rupture, contusion
Renal
injuries
Ureteral
injuries
Upper
extremity bony trauma
Fractures
(open and closed)
•
Phalangeal
•
Metacarpal
• Carpal
• Forearm
• Supra
condylar
• Humeral
shaft and head
• Scapula
Dislocations/subluxations/fracture dislocation
• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Wrist
• Hand
Lower
extremity bony trauma
Fractures
(open and closed)
•
Phalangeal
•
Metatarsal
• Tarsal
• Ankle
• Leg
(tibia-fibula)
• Patellar
• Midshaft
and distal femur
• Proximal
femur (hip)
Pelvic
fractures
Pubic rami
Straddle
Iliac crest
Malgaigne
Dislocations/fracture-dislocations
Phalangeal
Lisfranc
Ankle
Knee
Patellar
Hip
Soft tissue
extremity injuries
Tendon
injuries
Periarticular
injuries
Injuries to
joints
Compartment
syndromes/crush injuries
Penetrating
soft tissue injuries
Degloving
injuries
Amputations/replantation
Vascular
injuries
Injuries of
the genitalia
Cutaneous
injuries
Lacerations
Avulsions
Burns
Puncture
wounds
Bite wounds
Polytrauma/ multiple skeletal injuries
Trauma in
pregnancy
Principles
of care
Clinical
assessment and management
•
Anatomic/physiologic alterations in the pregnant woman
• Fetal
monitoring
• Emergency
department cesarean section
Type of
injuries
• Uterine rupture
• Placental
abruption
• Preterm
labor
• Inutero
injuries to the fetus
•
Penetrating injuries to the uterus
Special
Considerations for pediatric trauma victim
Clinical
assessment and management
•
Anatomic/physiologic differences from adults
• Airway
management
• Fluid
resuscitation
•
Recognition of child abuse
Head injury
Spinal
injuries
• Without
radiological abnormality
Chest
trauma
Abdominal
trauma
Burns
Fractures
• Greenstick
• Torus
•
Epiphyseal
UROGENITAL
/ GYNAECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Genital
tract/ female
Ovarian
disorders
• Ovarian
cyst
• Ovarian
torsion
• Tumors
Vagina and
vulva
Uterus
•
Endometriosis
•
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
• Tumors
• Uterine
prolapse
Cervix
• Carcinoma
• Cysts
•
Leukoplakia
Infectious
disorders
Genital
tract / Male
Congenital
Structural
Inflammatory/
infection
Tumours
Sexual
assaults
Genital
lesions
Chanchroid
Condyloma
acuminate
When
Pregnancy is not likely abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding
Ectopic
pregnancy
Abortions -
Molar pregnancy
Twisted
ovarian tumours
Emergency
contraception
Rape
victims
Domestic
battering
CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY
Principles
Pharmacokinetics
Drug
interactions
Allergic
reactions
Drugs in
pregnancy / breastfeeding
Effect of
age
Withdrawal
syndrome
Neonatal/pediatric considerations
Drug
classes
Analgesics/
anaesthetics
• Fentanyl
• Morphine
• Pethidine
• Ketamine
• Nitrous
oxide
Antibiotics
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Antihistamines
Anti
psychotics
Bronchodilating
agents
Cardiovascular
drugs
• Antiarrthythmic
•
Antihypertensives
• Digoxin
•
Calcium-channel blockers
• Beta
blockers
•
Antianginals
Hormones/
steroids
Hypoglycemics
• Oral
agents
• Insulin
Intravenous
fluids
Local
anaesthetics
• Esters
• Amides
Locally
acting drugs
• Antacids
• Antiseptics
•
Cathartics
• Laxatives
Neuromuscular
blocking agents
•
Depolarising
•
Non-depolarising
NSAIDS
Opioid
Sedatives/
hypnotics
•
Barbiturates
•
Benzodiazepines
• Chloral
hydrate
Thrombolytics
Tocolytics
Inotropes
Vasodilators
Anti snake
venom
Fibrinolytics
Diuretics
PROCEDURES/
SKILLS
Airway
techniques
Cricothyrotomy
Heimleichs
maneuver
Intubation
•
Esophageal obturator airway
•
Nasotracheal
•
Oratracheal
• Rapid
sequence
• Fiber
optic
Mechanical
ventilation
Percutaneous
transtracheal ventilation
Airway
adjuncts
Anaesthesia
Local
Regional
Intravenous
anaesthesia
Regional
nerve blocks
General
anaesthesia
Diagnostic
procedures
Arthocentisis
Cystourethrogram
Lumbar
puncture
Nasogastric
intubation
Pericardiocentesis
Peritoneal
lavage
Bed side
USG
Anoscopy
Thoracocentesis
Tonometry
Slit lamp
examination
ECG
interpretation
Radiographic
interpretation
Central
venous line placement
Chest tube
placement
Genital /
Urinary
Bladder
catheterization
Suprapubic
catheterisation
Delivery of
new born
Head and
neck
Control of
epistaxis
Laryngoscopy
Naso /
Pharyngeal endoscopy
Hemodynamic
techniques
Arterial
catheter insertion
Central
venous access
• Femoral
• Jugular
•
Subclavian
• Umbilical
• Venous
cut down
•
Intraosseous infusion
Military
anti shock trouser suit application and removal
Peripheral
venous cut down
Pulmonary
artery catheter insertion
Skeletal
procedures
Fracture /
dislocation immobilisation techniques
Fracture
dislocation reduction techniques
Spine
• Cervical
traction techniques
•
Immobilisation techniques
• Back
board techniques
Thoracic
Cardiac
pacing
• Cutaneous
•
Transvenous
Defribrillation
/ cardioversion
Cardiorraphy
Pericardiotomy
Thorocostomy
Thorocotomy
Intra
aortic balloon insertion
Other
techniques
End tidal
CO2 Monitoring
Gastric
lavage
Incision
and drainage
Intestinal
tube insertion
Burr holes
Pulse
oximetry
Sensgtagen
blakemore insertion technique
Wound
closure techniques
Traphanisation
– Nails
Peak
expiratory flow rate measurement
Excision of
thrombosed hemorrhoids
Foreign
body removal
Conscious
sedation
Wound
debridement
Laboratory
skills
Venepuncture
Arterial
blood gas sampling
Microscopy
Gram stain
Preparation
/ interpretation
Multiple
patient management
Universal
precautions
ACLS
Pericardio
centesis
Intraosseous
needle
GENERAL
MEDICINE
ENDOCRINE,
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Acid base
disturbances
Metabolic
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis
Mixed acid
base disorders
Respiratory
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis
Fluid and
electrolyte disturbances
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Water
Syndrome of
inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Glucose
metabolism
Diabetes
mellitus
• Diabetic
ketoacidosis
• Hyper
osmolar coma
Hypoglycemic
syndrome
Nutritional
disorders
Wernicke -
kosrsakoff syndrome
Vitamin
deficiency
Vitamin
excess
Endocrine
Emergencies
Thyroid
storm
Myoedema
coma
Acute
adrenal insufficiency
Hyper and
hypo calcemia
ENVIRONMENTAL
DISORDERS
Diving
emergencies / dysbarism
Acute gas
embolism
Decompression
sickness
Submersion incidence
Cold water
immersion+
Near
drowning
Electrical
injury
Lightning
injury
AC/DC
current
High
voltage
High
altitude illness
Acute
mountain sickness
High-altitude
cerebral edema
High-altitude
pulmonary edema
Radiation
injury
Poisonous
plants
Smoke
inhalation
Temperature
related illness
Heat
Cold
•
Hypothermia
• Frost
bite
Bites and
stings
Arthropods
• Insects
• Spiders
• Scorpions
Reptiles
HEMATOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Hemostatic
disorders
Clotting
factor disorders
•
Hemophilias
• Acquired
Disseminated
Intravascular Coagulation
Platelet
disorders
• Immune
thrombocytopenic purpura
•
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Drug
inactivation of platelets
Von
Willebrands disease
Red Blood
cell disorders
Anemia
• Aplastic
• Hemolytic
- Glucose
-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Hemolytic
uremic syndrome
•
Hypochromic / microcytic
•
Megaloblastic
•
Normochromic normocytic
•
Hemoglobinopathies
- Sickle
cell disease/trait
-
Thalassemia
Polycythemia
Transfusions
Autotransfusion
Complications
• Febrile
• Hemolytic
•
IgA-mediated
• Disease
transmission risk
• HIV
• Hepatitis
• Massive
transfusions
Component
therapy
Synthetic
blood replacement
Indications
for transfusion
IMMUNE
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid
reactions
Angioedema
Allergic
rhinitis
Drug
allergies
Serum
sickness
SYSTEMIC
INFECTIOUS DISORDERS
Bacterial
Botulism
Gonococcal
disease
Bacteremia/sepsis
Mycobacterial
infections
•
Tuberculosis
• Atypical mycobacteria
Meningococcemia
Plague
Tetanus
Dengue
Typhoid
Toxic shock
syndrome
Spirochaetes
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Protozoal –
parasites
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Viral
HIV
Infectious
mononucleosis
Influenza
Mumps
Polio
Rabies
Rubellas
Roseola
Varicella/zoster
Herpes
simplex
Travel
related
Prevention
Prophylaxis
Immunisations
MUSCULOSKELETAL
DISORDERS (NON TRAUMATIC)
Bony
abnormalities
Asceptic
Necrosis of hip
Osteogenesis
imperfecta
Osteomyelitis
Tumours
Bone cysts
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Bone spurs
Pagets
disease
Joint
abnormalities
Arthritis
• Septic
• Gout
• Collagen
vascular
•
Degenerative
Osteochondritis
dissicans
Disorders
of the spine
Ankylosing
spondilits
Spondilolysis
/ spondylolisthesis
Disc
disorders
• Herniated
nucleus pulposus
• Discitis
Low back
syndromes
• Acute
sprain
•
Sacroiliitis
• Sciatica
• Tumors
• Cauda
equina syndrome
• Spinal
stenosis
Overuse
syndromes
•
Tendonitis
• Bursitis
•
Fibrositis
• Muscle
strains
• Carpal
tunnel syndrome
Muscle abnormalities
• Muscular
dystrophies
•
Rhabdomyolysis
• Myositis
• Myositis
ossificans
Soft tissue
infections
•
Necrotising faciitis
• Gangrene
•
Paronychia
• Felon
•
Tenosynovitis
NERVOUS
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Subarachnoid
hemorrhage
• Cerebral aneurysm
•
Arteriovenous malformation
Intracerebral
hemorrhage
Ischaemic
stroke
• Embolic
•
Thrombotic
Transient
ischaemic attack
Cranial
nerve disorders
Bell's
palsy
Trigeminal
neuralgia
Other
cranial nerves
Demyelinating
disorders
Multiple
sclerosis
Infections/
inflammatory disorders
Abscess
• Brain
• Epidural
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Mylitis
Neuritis
Neuromuscular
disorders
Landry's /
Guillain - Barre syndrome
Myasthenia
gravis
Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis
Peripheral
neuropathy
Compression
syndromes
Toxic and
other neuropathies
Spinal cord
compression
Seizure
disorders
Status
epilepticus
Focal
seizures
Generalised
seizures
Pseudo
seizures
Headache
Acute
spinal cord injury
Management
of radiculopathy and mylopathy
Status
epileptus
Acute neuro
muscular respiratory failures and management
Unconscious
patients with good flow chart
PSYCHOBEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS
Thought
disorders
•
Schizophrenia
•
Delusional paronoia
Mood
disorders
• Bipolar
disorder
•
Depression
Anxiety
disorders
• Post traumatic
stress
• Panic
• Phobia
• Obsessive
compulsive
• Catatonic
Somatoform
disorders
•
Hysterical conversion
•
Hypochondriasis
Factitious
disorders
•
Munchausen syndrome
• Drug
seeking behaviour
Addictive
behaviour
• Substance
abuse
• Eating
disorders
Personality
disorders
•
Antisocial
•
Histrionic
• Obsessive
compulsive
• Passive /
aggressive
•
Borderline personality
Oraganic
brain syndromes
• Delirium
• Dimentia
• Amnesia
•
Intoxication and withdrawal
Risk
assessment
• Suicidal
risk or self abuse
• Risk of
violence against others
Involuntary
competency assessment/commitment
Treatment
modalities
• Major
tranquilizers
•
Sedatives/ hypnotics
• Physical
restraints
•
Management of violence
• Community
resource utilisation
Patterns of
violence/ abuse/ neglect
• Family
violence
• Sexual
assault
RENAL
DISORDERS
Structural
disorders
• Renal
calculi
•
Obstructive uropathy
• Renal
obstruction
Infections
•
Pyelonephritis
•
Perinephric abscess
Acute and
chronic renal failure
Complications
of dialysis
THORACIC
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Acute upper
airway obstruction
Breast
disorders
•
Fibrocystic disease
• Tumor
•
Infections
Disorders
of pleura, mediastinum and chest wall
•
Costochondritis
•
Mediastinal masses
• Mediastinitis
• Pleural
effusions/ empyema
• Pleurisy
•
Pneumomediastinum
•
Pnemothoraces
-
Spontaneous
-
Iatrogenic
- Tension
Hyperventilation
syndrome
Non
cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Obstructive
restrictive lung disease
• Asthma
•
Bronchitis
• Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
•
Environmental / industrial exposure
Physical
and chemical irritants / insults
• Chemical
agents
• Foreign
bodies
•
Aspiration of gastric contents
Pulmonary
embolism/ infarct
• Venous
thromboembolism
• Fat
• Septic
• Amniotic
fluid
Pulmonary
infections
Bacterial
Fungal
Mycoplasma
Lung
abscess
Bronchiectasis
Oppurtunistic
Septic
emboli
Tuberculosis
Viral
Thoracic
outlet syndrome
Pulmonary
tumours
Sarcoidosis
Sleep apnea
syndrome
TOXICOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Principles
Toxicology
information
Toxicology
diagnostic modalities
Toxidromes
Treatment
modalities
• Antidotes
• Skin
decontamination
• Gastric
decontamination
- Emetics
- Lavage
Enhanced
elimination
Activated
charcoal
Cathartics/whole
bowel irrigation
Diuresis
Dialysis
Hyperbaric
oxygen
Withdrawal
syndrome
Drug and
chemical classes
•
Acetaminophen
• Alcohol
- Ethanol
- Ethylene
glycol
- Isopropyl
alcohol
- Methanol
•
Analgesics/ Anaesthetics
• Anti
cholinergics/ Cholinergics
• Anti
coagulants
• Anti
convulsants
• Anti
depressants
- Lithium
- Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors
- Cyclic
antidepressants
• Anti
parkinsonism drugs
• Anti
histamines
• Anti
psychotics
•
Bronchodilators
• Cannabis
• Carbon
monoxide
•
Cardiovascular drugs
• Caustic agents
• Cocaine
• Cyanides
• Hydrogen
sulphides
• Food
addictives
•
Halucinogens
• Hazardous
material spills
• Heavy
metals and chelation
• Household
/ industrial poisons
• Hormones
and steroids
•
Hydrocarbons / Halogenated hydrocarbons
•
Hypoglycemics
• Inhaled
toxins
• Iron
• Isonizid
• Local
anaesthetics
• Local
acting drugs
• Irritant
bases
• Marine
toxins
•
Methhemoglobinemia
•
Mushrooms/ poisonous plants
• Nitrogen
compounds
• NSAID’s
•
Organophosphates
• Opiods
•
Salicylates
• Sedatives
• Stimulants
•
Strychnine
CRITICAL
CARE
Anti
microbial therapy in critical care setting
Catheter
colonization and Catheter related bacteremia
Invasive
and noninvasive monitoring
Infections
after solid organ transplantation
Management
of HIV and AIDS related infection in the ICU
Malaria and
Other tropical infections in the ICU
Intra
abdominal sepsis
Laboratory
diagnosis of infections
Mechanical
ventilation
Noninvasive
ventilation
Acute
hypoxic respiratory failure
• Pathology
of Acute Lung injury
•
Pathophysiology and Management of Acute Respiratory distress syndrome
• Pulmonary
aspiration
• Weaning
from ventilatory support in hypoxic respiratory failure
Acute
ventilatory failure
• Life
threatening asthma
• Acute
respiratory failure in patients with COPD
• Weaning
from respiratory support in airflow obstruction states
Brain death
•
Definition
•
Determination
•
Physiological effects on donor organs
Interventional
therapy for cardiogenic shock
Hypertensive
crises – emergencies and urgencies
Pulmonary embolism
Inotropic
therapy in critically ill patient
Sedatives
and analgesics in critical care
Neuro
muscular blocking drugs in patients in the ICU
Critical
care imaging of chest
CT and MRI
of the abdomen in the Critical care patient
Interventional
radiology in the critical ill patient
Imaging of
the central nervous system in the critical care patient
Echocardiography
in critical care
CARDIOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISORDERS
Pathophysiology
•
Congenital disorders
• Acquired
disorders
• Aging
Diseases of
the myocardium – acquired
• Cardiac
failure
- High
output
- Low
output
-
Corpulmonale
•
Cardiomyopathy
• Ischemic
heart disease
- Angina
▫ Stable
▫ Variant
▫ Unstable
-
Myocardial infraction
-
Cardiogenic shock
-
Ventricular aneurysm
•
Endocarditis
• Valvular
heart disease
- Aortic
insufficiency / stenosis
- Mitral
insufficiency / stenosis
- Pulmonary
insufficiency / stenosis
- Tricuspid
insufficiency / stenosis
•
Myocarditis
Diseases of
the pericardium
•
Pericarditis
•
Pericardial effusion/tamponade
• Tumors
Diseases of
the conduction system
•
Dysrhythmias
- Atrial
flutter / fibrillation
- Atrial /
junctional ectopy
-
Preexcitation syndromes
-
Supraventricular tachycardia / bradycardia
-
Ventricular flutter / fibrillation
-
Ventricular trachycardia
-
Ventricular ectopy
-
QT-Interval syndrome
•
Conduction blocks
- Sinotrial
block
- Sick
sinus syndrome
-
Atrioventricular blocks (1; 2; 3)
- Bundle -
branch blocks
Diseases of
the circulation – acquired
• Arterial
-
Atherosclerosis / insufficiency
- Aneurysm
- Aortic /
iliac
-
Peripheral arterial
- Arteritis
- Emboli
- Spasm
-
Thrombosis
- Aortic
dissection
• Venous
- Venous
insufficiency varicosities
-
Thromboembolism
-
Thrombophlebitis
•
Lymphatics
Congenital
abnormalities of the CVS
• Familial/
Genetically transmitted disorders
• Disorders
due to anatomic anomalies
-
Hypertrophic heart disease
- Mitral
valve prolapse
- Patent
foramen ovale
Cardiac
transplant patient
Hypertension
• Acute
hypertensive crisis
• Chronic
hypertension
- Essential
- Secondary
Primary
tumors of the heart
Myocardial
manifestations of the systemic diseases
Treatment
modalities
•
Thrombolytic therapy
•
Pharmacologic agents
• Cardiac
pacemakers
- Temporary
- Permanent
• Surgical
interventions
- Vascular
reconstruction
-
Embolectomy
-
Angioplasty
-
Circulatory augmentation
-
Implantable defibrillators
DERMATOLOGY
CUTANEOUS
DISORDERS
Dermatitis
• Acne
• Atopic
• Contact
•
Dyshidrotic eczema
•
Exfoliative
• Lichen
simplex
• Psoriasis
• Seborrhea
• Stasis
• Photosensitivity
Infections
• Bacterial
- Abscess
-
Cellulitis/lymphangitis
-
Erysipelas
-
Folliculitis
- Impetigo
- Bacterial
exanthems
• Fungal
- Candida
- Tinea
• Parasitic
-
Pediculosis
- Scabies
• Viral
- Aphthous
ulcers
- Herpes
simplex
- Herpes
zoster
- Molluscum
contagiosum
- Warts
- Viral
exanthems
Maculopapular
lesions
•
Pityriasis rosea
• Pupura
and petechiae
• Urticaria
Papular/
nodular lesions
• Epidermal
inclusion cysts
• Fibroma
•
Hemangioma
• Lipoma
• Nevi
• Lichen
planus
Erythemas
• Erythema
multiforme
• Erythema
nodosum
Vesicular /
Bullous lesions
• Pemphigus
/ pemphigold
• Scalded
skin syndrome
• Toxic
epidermal necrolysis
Cancers
• Basal
cell
• Kaposis
sarcoma
• Melanoma
• Squamous
cell
Cutaneous
manifestations of allergic reactions
Cutaneous
manifestations of systemic diseases
PAEDIATRICS
G I Tract
Colic,
formula intolerance
Foreign
body
Gastroenteritis
Viral /
Bacterial / Parasite / Allergic / Inflammatory bowel disease
Gastro
oesophageal reflux
GI bleeding
• Upper
• Lower
Surgical
emergencies
• Tracheo
oesophageal fistula / esophageal atresia
• Pyloric
stenosis
• Biliary
atresia
• Meckel’s
diverticulum
•
Hirschsprungs
•
Malrotation / volvulus
•
Intussuception
• Hernia –
inguinal, umbilical
• Appendicitis
•
Duplication cyst
• Tumours –
Neuroblastoma / Wilm’s tumour
Acute
pancreatitis
Hepatic
coma / Fulminant hepatic failure
Cardio
Vascular
Arrhythmia
Congenital
heart disease
• Left to
right shunt
• Right to
left shunt with hypoxic spells
• Obstructive
lesions – Pulmonary / systemic
Acquired
heart diseases
•
Pericardial effusion / pericarditis
• Infective
endocarditis
•
Myocarditis
• Rheumatic
fever.
Congestive
cardiac failure
Hypertension
Endocrine /
Metabolic Disorders
Diabetes
mellitus / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia
Diabetes
insipidus
SIADH
Hyper and
hypoparathyroidism / hypocalcemia
Hypo and
hyper thyroidism
Congenital
adrenal hyperplasia / crisis
Cushing’s
syndrome
Inborn
errors of metabolism
Urea cycle,
organic acidemia, amino acid metabolism, glycogen storage disorder
Hematologic
Anaemia –
Aplastic, nutritional, hemoglobin
Thalassemia,
Sickle cell anaemia, Spherocytosis
Hemostatic
disorders
• ITP
• DIC
• Inherited
disorders
• Fever and
neutropenia
•
Transfusion Medicine
Hypercoagulation
states
Methhemoglobenemia
Leukemias
Lymphomas
Tumor lysis
syndrome, Superior mediastinal syndrome
Neurology
Acute
encephalopathies – including Reye’s syndrome
Meningitis
/ Encephalitis – viral, bacterial, tuberculosis
Seizures
Febrile,
Non-febrile, Epilepsy
Status
epilepticus
Hypoxic
ischaemic encephalopathy
Coma
Raised
intracranial tension – hydrocephalus, pseudo tumour cerebri
Acute
flaccid paralysis
Chorea
Migraine
CNS tumours
Nerocysticerosis
Intracranial
bleed
Orthopedics
Septic
arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Transient
synovites / reactive arthritis
Tumours
• Ewing’s
sarcoma
•
Osteogenic sarcoma
Congenital
dislocation of hip
ENT
Epistaxis
Foreign
body
Naso
pharyngitis
Otitis
externa
Otitis
media
Tonsillitis
Ludwig’s
angina
Torticollis
R S
Croup
• ACTB
•
Epiglottitis
• Spasmodic
croup
Foreign
body
Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Status
asthmaticus
Pneumonia
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Myoplasma
•
Chalamydial
•
Tuberculosis
Aspiration
pneumonia
Pulmonary
edema
Pleural
effusion / emphysema
Pneumothorax
Congenital
abnormalities in respiratory tract
Congenital
diaphragmatic hernia
Apnea /
Respiratory failure / Respiratory distress
ARDS
Psychiatry
Depression
/ attempted suicide
Psychosis
Eating
disorder
Malingering
/ conversion reaction
Substance
abuse
Infection
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertusis
Viral
hemorrhagic fever / dengue
Poliomyelitis
Septic
shock
TB
Measles
Staphylococcus
infection
Meningococcus
Hemophilus
influenza
Pneumococcus
Rabies
Herpes
simplex
Cholera
Food
poisoning
Bacteremia
/ septicemia
Viral
exanthematous fevers
Immunization
Fever
without localizing signs
Scrub
Typhus
Rheumatology
Juvenile
Rheumatoid arthritis
Henoch-schonlein
purpura / vasculitis
Kwasaki
syndrome
SLE
Skin
Cellulitis
/ Impetigo
Urticaria /
angioedema
Renal /
genitourinary
Congenital
abnormalities of kidney
Urinary
tract infection – uncomplicated, complicated
Acute
glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic
syndrome
Urolithiasis
Renal
tubular acidosis
Acute renal
failure
• Chronic
renal failure
Hemolytic
uremic syndrome
Penis
• Balanitis
• Phimosis
/ paraphimosis
Testis
• Torsion
Undescended
Testis
New born
Resuscitation
Transport
Assessment
– gestational age, sick new born
Preterm /
IUGR
Jaundice
Sepsis –
local, general
Seizures
Birth
asphyxia
Birth trauma
Bleeding
neonate
Temperature
regulation and hypothermia
Hyaline
membrane disease
Anemia
Fluid and
electrolytes
General
principles including type of fluid, composition, daily requirements
Fluids in
special situation including newborn
Specific
disturbance
•
Hyponatremia
•
Hypernatremia
•
Hypokalemia
•
Hyperkalemia
• Disorders
of calcium/magnesium
Acid base
balance
Critical
care / problems
BLS, PALS
in children
Airway
management
Rapid
sequence intubation
Post
intubation
Assisted
ventilation
Pre hospital
care
Transport
of sick child / post resuscitation stabilization
Shock
Anaphylaxis
Temperature
regulation
Blood
Component transfusion
Infection
control
Vascular
access
Drugs
Drug
therapy in neonate and children
Poisoning
and animal bites
General
principles of management
Salicylate
poisoning
Acetaminophen
poisoning
OPC,
Organochlorines
Hydrocarbons
Acids /
alkali
Oleander,
Datura
Dapsone,
anti convulsants, anti histamine, iron
Scorpion
sting
Snake bite
Environment
Electrical injuries
CO
poisoning / smoke injuries
Near
drowning / drowning
Heat stroke
Burns
Paediatric
trauma
Epidemiology
of child hood injuries
Setting up
of regional pediatric trauma centre
Trauma
score
Thoracic
injuries
Abdominal
trauma
Genitourinary
trauma
Evaluation
of hand, soft tissue injuries, envenomation injuries
Musculoskeletal
trauma
CNS
injuries / spinal injuries
Vascular
injuries
Child abuse
– physical, sexual
Emergency
procedures
Passing NG
tube
Catheterization,
LMA, Pain management
Application
of collagen in burns, Intubation
ICT
drainage, pleural tap
Umbilical
vein cannulation
Ascitic tap
Pericardial
tap, peripheral venous access, venepuncture.
Arterial
line, Introsseous access, C-Spine immobolissation.
Growth and development
Medico
legal aspects
OBSTETRICS
& GYNAECOLOGY
OBSTETRICS
AND DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
Contraception
Pregnancy,
Uncomplicated
Pregnancy,
complicated
• Ectopic
•
Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Abortion
-
Threatened
-
Inevitable
-
Incomplete
- Complete
- Septic
- Missed
• Abruption
placenta
• Placenta
praevia
• Toxemia /
pregnancy induced hypertension
-
Pre-eclampsia
- Eclampsia
• Rh
Incompatibility
•
Hydadiform mole
•
Underlying illness
Labor
uncomplicated
Labor
complicated
• Premature
rupture of membranes
• Preterm
labor
• Failure
to progress
• Fetal
distress
• Ruptured
uterus
Delivery,
uncomplicated
•
Presentation
• Position
• Lie
•
Episiotomy
Delivery
complicated
•
Presentation
• Dystocia
• Prolapsed
cord
• Retained
placenta
• Uterine inversion
• Multiple
births
• Still
birth
• Emergency
cesarean section
Post patrum
complication
• Retained
products of conception
•
Hemorrhage
•
Endometritis
• Mastitis
When
Pregnancy is suspected
• Bleeding
in pregnancy - SHOCK Retained placenta
• Abdominal
pain during pregnancy
• Vomiting
in pregnancy
• Seizures
in pregnancy
• Headache
and fever in pregnancy/puerperal
• Injury to
a pregnant woman (RTA)
•
Recognition of risk factors in pregnancy
• Septic
shock (CPR in Pregnancy)
GENERAL
SURGERY
ABDOMINAL
AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Oesophagus
Motor
abnormalities
•
Esophageal spasm
• Achalasia
Structural
disorders
• Varices
• Rupture
•
Perforation (Boerhaave's syndrome)
• Tears
(Mallory - Weiss syndrome)
• Hematoma
• Foreign
body
•
Diaphragmatic hernia
•
Diverticula
• Hiatal
hernia
• Webs,
strictures, stenosis, fistulas
Inflammatory
disorders
• Reflux
esophagitis
• Caustic
injury
Infectious
disorders
• Herpetic
esophagitis
• Monilial
esophagitis
Tumours
Liver
• Hepatitis
- Viral
- Bacterial
- Parasitic
- Drug and
toxin
- Alcoholic
-
Prophylaxis
• Cirrhosis
- Alcoholic
- Viral
- Biliary
obstructive
-
Drug-induced
-
Toxin-induced
• Hepatic
hepatorenal failure
• Tumours
of liver
• Abscess
- Primary
abscess
-
Metastatic abscess
• Hydatid
liver
• Portal
hypertension
Gall
bladder and biliary tract
•
Cholecystitis
•
Cholangitis
•
Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis
• Gallstone
ileus
• Tumours
•
Inflammatory disorders
• Gall
stones
Pancreas
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
pancreatitis
• Chronic
pancreatitis
•
Pseudocyst/abcess
•
Pancreatic insufficiency
Tumours
• Islet
cell tumors
• Carcinoma
Stomach
Structural
lesions
• Volvulus
• Foreign
bodies
• Rupture
• Gastric
outlet obstruction
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
gastritis
- Stress-related
- Corrosive
gastritis
- Drug
induced
Peptic
ulcer disease
• Duodenal
ulcer
• Gastric
ulcer
• Acute
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Tumours
Small bowel
Motor
abnormalities
•
Obstruction
-
Mechanical
- Adynamic
•
Pseudoobstruction
Structural
disorders
•
Aortoenteric fistula
•
Malabsorption
• Meckel's
diverticulum
Inflammatory
disorders
• Acute
appendictis
• Regional
enteritis/crohn's disease
Infectious
disorders
• Viral
• Bacterial
• Parasitic
Tumours
Vascular
disorders
•
Mesenteric ischemia
• Ischemic
colitis
Large bowel
Motor
abnormalities
• Irritable
bowel
•
Constipation
•
Aganglionic megacolon/Hirschsprung's
•
Obstruction / pseudo obstruction
Structural
disorders
•
Diverticular disease
• Volvulus
• Vascular
dysplasia (angiodysplasia)
Inflammatory
disorders
•
Ulcerative colitis
• Radiation
colitis
Infectious
disorders
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Parasitic
•
Antibiotic-associated
Tumors
Rectum and
Anus
Structural
disorders
• Anal
fissure
• Anorectal
fistula
•
Hemorrhoids
- Internal
- External
• Rectal
prolapse
• Foreign
body
•
Perirectal abscess
• Perianal
/ pilonidal abscess
Inflammatory
disorders
• Proctitis
Tumors
Abdominal
wall
Hernias
Peritoneum
Ascites
Peritonitis
Varicose
veins
Subcutaneous
tumours
Lipomas
Dermoids
Sebaceous
cyst
Breast
Inguinal
hernia
Hydrocele
Testis
Oesophago
gastroscopy
PLASTIC
& RECONSTRUCTIVE MICRO SURGERY
Theory -
Lectures
Emergency
Care - Trauma centre
Basic
Surgical Skill - Trauma centre minor OT/Casualty OT & A6 OT
LECTURES
Wound
healing
Wound care
and dressings
Suturing
Skin
grafting
Hand injury
• History
and examination
• First AID
• Emergency
room management
•
Definitive treatment
Burns
Types /
classification / medicoleagal aspects
Assessment
of depth / % surface are % management of shock respiratory burns and
complication
First AID
at site
Management
- initial at emergency room
Management
subsequently
Other types
of burns - Electrical, Chemical and Radiation
Microsurgical
emergency
Limbs /
digits with vascular compromise
Amputation
Preservation
of amputated part and care of stump
Do's and
Don’t’s
Degloving
injuries of limbs
Management
and counselling in plastic surgical birth anomalies
Life
threatening
Non life
threatening
Management
of hand infection
EMERGENCY
CARE
Demonstration,
supervision and joint ventures
• Wound
care in degloving injuries
• Wound
care in hand injuries
• Wound
care in burns
• Venotomy
in burns
• Managing
major burns
•
Management of facial wounds
-
Controlling bleeding
- Suturing
- Areas:-
Regular face (fore head / cheek / chin etc.)
-
Specific:- Eyelids
Eyebrows
Lips
Intra oral
•
Management of finger tip injuries
- SSG
- V-Y Flaps
-
Terminalisation
BASIC
SURGICAL SKILLS
• Suturing
with fine suture 6.0 - 4.0 size
•
Terminalisation
•
Harvesting of small skin graft
•
Terminalisation
• I & D
in hand infection
• I & D
in facial abscesses
• Hand
injury: debridement, repair, splinting
• Emergency
escharotomy in burns
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Eye
• External
eye
• Anterior
pole
• Posterior
pole
• Orbit
Cavernous
sinus thrombosis
Basic
techniques of ophthalmic examination
• Orbit
• Adnexa
• Ocular
motility
• Anterior
segment
• Pupillary
examination
• Posterior
segment
• Orbital
trauma
• Adnexal
trauma
• Anterior
segment trauma
• Optic
nerve trauma
PROCEDURE/SKILLS
• Bedside
ophthalmic examination
• Direct
ophthalmoscopy
• Eye
patching, use of protective eye shield
• Taping of
lids to prevent exposure
• Temporary
tarsorrhaphy
• Eyelid
laceration repair
OTO-RHINO-LARYNGIOLOGY
EAR
Cellulitis
/ abscess of external ear
Foreign
body
Labryntitis
Malignant
otitis externa
Mastoiditis
Meneires
disease
Otitis
externa
Otitis
media
Tympanic
membrane perforation
Acute
inflammation of ear
• Furuncle
•
Otomycosis
• Malignant
ottits externa
• Neuro
permatitis
• Herpes
zoster oticus
Emergency
management
Foreign
bodies of external and middle ear
• Diagnosis
and management
Trauma to
external ear
• Haematoma
auris
• Trauma to
external auditory canal
• Fracture
of temporal bone
Trauma to
tympanic membrane
• Traumatic
perforation
• Blast
injuries
• Fracture
of skull base
Neoplasam
of external ear
• Osteoma
• Exostosis
• Tumours
of external canal
• Carcinoma
of external canal
• Kerotosis
obturans
• Impacted
cerumen of external ear - diagnosis and management
Inflammation
of middle ear
• Acute
ottits media with effusion
• Chronic
ottits media - acute manifestations
•
Complications of ottits media inter cranial and extra cranial
• Diabetic
ottits media
• Diabetic
mastoiditis
Trauma
middle ear
• Hemo
tympanom
• Baro
trauma
• Fracture
of temporal bone - classification, mechanism, diagnosis and management
• Trauma to
ossicular chain
Tumours of
middle ear
• Acute
presentations
• Glomus
tympanium
• Glomus
jugularae
• Carcinoma
middle ear
Pathology
of the inner ear
• Sudden
hearing loss - emergency management, aetiology and diagnosis
•
Management of acute vertigo - aetiology, diagnosis and management
• Meniere's
diseases
• Benign
paroxismal, positional vertigo
•
Labrinthits - viral, bacterial
•
Ototoxicity - drugs/chemicals
•
Otosclerosis
• Noise-induced hearing loss - blast injuries
NOSE
Epistaxis
Nasal
foreign body
Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Anatomy of the nose and para nasal sinuses
Basic
physiology
Epistaxis
etio - pathology clinical features and management
Vestibulitis
- anterior rhinitis
Acute
sinusitis / rhinitis
Baro
traumatic sinusitits
Complications
of sinusitis
Fracture
nasal bone
Tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, benign and malignant tumours
CFS
Rhinorrhea
Fracture
maxilla (le forts)
Proptosis
Choanal
atresia
OROPHARYNX
/ THROAT
Foreign
body
Gingivitis
Laryngitis
Ludwigs
angina
Oral
candidiasis
Pericoronitis
Periodontal
abscess
Tonsilitis
/ Peritonsillar abscess
Pharyngitis
Retropharyngeal
abscess
Sialoadenitis
Stomatitis
Temporomandibular
joint diorders
Uvulitis
Catongue
Ca cheek
Salivary
tumours
Odontomes
Ranula
Anatomy of
oral cavity & pharynx
Physiology
of oral cavity & pharynx
Diseases of the oral cavity & pharynx
• Cleft palate
& cleft lip
• Stomatitis
• Oralsub
mucus firosis, Ludwig's angina
Tumours of
oral cavity
• Ranula
•
Haemangioma
•
Lympangioma
•
Leucoplakia
Tonsillitis
& adeonnitis
• Acute
• Chronic
Peritonsillar
abcess
Acute &
chronic pharangitis
• Retro pharangeal
abcess/parapharangeal abcess
• Foreign
bodies in the pharynx
• Globus
hystericus
•
Sleep-apnoea syndrome
• Chemical
trauma to the pharynx
• Tumours
of the pharynx
•
Temporomandibular joint dislocation
•
Oesopghgus
- Anatomy
& physiology of the oesophagus
- Oesophagitis
- Foreign
bodies of the oesophagus
- Dysphagia
- Achalasia
cardia
- Malignant
disease of the oesophagus
LARYNX
Anatomy of
larynx
Physiology
of larynx
Injuries of the larynx (open & closed)
Laryngo-tracheal
stenosis
Acute
laryngitis, epiglottitis, laryngo tracheo bronchitis
Foreign
bodies in the larynx (diagnosis & management)
Benign
& malignant tumours of the larynx
Vocal cord
paralysis
Airway
obstruction (stridor)
Occult
primary
TRACHEA
& BRONCHI
Anatomy of
trachea & bronchi
Acute
laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
Foreign
bodies in the air & food passage (diagnosis & management)
Neoplasms
of the trachea & bronchi
Tracheostomy
HEAD &
NECK
Anatomy of
neck
Benign
tumours of the neck
Parotid
tumours
Thyroid
tumours
Parapharngeal
space tumours & infection
Fracture cervical
spine
Fracture
skull base
Fascial
spaces of the neck
Facial
palsy
Special
Situations
Injection
Drug Users
The elder
patient
Adults with
Physical Disabilities
The
Mentally Retarded Adult
The
Homeless Patient
The
Morbidly Obese Patient
Patient Safety
in Emergency Medicine
Career Options
After
completing an MD in Emergency Medicine, candidates will get employment
opportunities in Government as well as in the Private sector.
In the
Government sector, candidates have various options to choose from which include
Registrar, Senior Resident, Demonstrator, Tutor etc.
While in
the Private sector, the options include Resident Doctor, Consultant, Visiting
Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Junior Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Senior Consultant (Emergency Medicine), Critical Care Specialist (Emergency Medicine), Consultant Emergency Medicine Specialist,
etc.
Courses After MD in Emergency
Medicine
MD in
Emergency Medicine is a specialization course that can be pursued after
finishing MBBS. After pursuing a specialization in MD ( Emergency Medicine ), a
candidate could also pursue super specialization courses recognized,
where MD (Emergency Medicine)is a feeder qualification.
• DM Critical Care Medicine
• DM In Accident and Emergency Medicine
Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs) – MD in Emergency Medicine
- Question:
What is an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD Emergency
Medicine or Doctor of Medicine in Emergency Medicine also known as MD in
Emergency Medicine is a Postgraduate level course for doctors in India that is
done by them after completion of their MBBS.
- Question:
What is the duration of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD
in Emergency Medicine is a postgraduate program of three years.
- Question:
What is the eligibility of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: Candidates must be in possession of an undergraduate MBBS degree from any college/university recognized by the Medical Council of India.
- Question:
What is the scope of an MD in Emergency Medicine?
Answer: MD
in Emergency Medicine offers candidates various employment opportunities and
career prospects.
- Question:
What is the average salary for an MD in Emergency Medicine postgraduate
candidate?
Answer: The
MD in Emergency Medicine candidate’s average salary is between Rs. 12,00,000 to
Rs. 24,00,000 per annum depending on the experience.
2 years 3 months ago
News,Health news,NMC News,Medical Education,Medical Colleges News,Medical Courses News,Medical Universities News,Medical Admission News,Latest Medical Education News,Medical Courses
As suicide rates spike, new AI platform could ‘fill the gap’ in mental health care, say Boston researchers
After a two-year decline, U.S. suicide rates spiked again in 2021, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Suicide is now the 11th leading cause of death in the country — and the second among people between 10 and 35 years of age and fifth among those aged 35 to 54, per the report.
After a two-year decline, U.S. suicide rates spiked again in 2021, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Suicide is now the 11th leading cause of death in the country — and the second among people between 10 and 35 years of age and fifth among those aged 35 to 54, per the report.
As the need for mental health care escalates, the U.S. is struggling with a shortage of providers. To help fill this gap, some medical technology companies have turned to artificial intelligence as a means of possibly making providers’ jobs easier and patient care more accessible.
CHATGPT FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS: CAN THE AI CHATBOT MAKE THE PROFESSIONALS' JOBS EASIER?
Yet there are caveats connected to this. Read on.
Over 160 million people currently live in "mental health professional shortage areas," according to the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
By 2024, it is expected that the total number of psychiatrists will reach a new low, with a projected shortage of between 14,280 and 31,091 individuals.
"Lack of funding from the government, a shortage of providers, and ongoing stigma regarding mental health treatment are some of the biggest barriers," Dr. Meghan Marcum, chief psychologist at AMFM Healthcare in Orange County, California, told Fox News Digital.
"Wait lists for therapy can be long, and some individuals need specialized services like addiction or eating disorder treatment, making it hard to know where to start when it comes to finding the right provider," Marcum also said.
A Boston, Massachusetts medical data company called OM1 recently built an AI-based platform, called PHenOM, for physicians.
The tool pulls data from over 9,000 clinicians working in 2,500 locations across all 50 states, according to Dr. Carl Marci, chief psychiatrist and managing director of mental health and neuroscience at OM1.
Physicians can use that data to track trends in depression, anxiety, suicidal tendencies and other mental health disorders, the doctor said.
"Part of the reason we're having this mental health crisis is that we haven't been able to bring new tools, technologies and treatments to the bedside as quickly as we’d like," said Dr. Marci, who has also been running a small clinical practice through Mass General Brigham in Boston for 20 years.
Eventually, artificial intelligence could help patients get the care they need faster and more efficiently, he said.
OM1’s AI model analyzes thousands of patient records and uses "sophisticated medical language models" to identify which individuals have expressed suicidal tendencies or actually attempted suicide, Dr. Marci said.
"We can look at all of our data and begin to build models to predict who is at risk for suicidal ideation," he said. "One approach would be to look for particular outcomes — in this case, suicide — and see if we can use AI to do a better job of identifying patients at risk and then directing care to them."
In the traditional mental health care model, a patient sees a psychiatrist for depression, anxiety, PTSD, insomnia or another disorder.
The doctor then makes a treatment recommendation based only on his or her own experience and what the patient says, Dr. Marci said.
CHATGPT AND HEALTH CARE: COULD THE AI CHATBOT CHANGE THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE?
"Soon, I'll be able to put some information from the chart into a dashboard, which will then generate three ideas that are more likely to be more successful for depression, anxiety or insomnia than my best guess," he told Fox News Digital.
"The computer will be able to compare those parameters that I put into the system for the patient … against 100,000 similar patients."
In seconds, the doctor would be able to access information to use as a decision-making tool to improve patient outcomes, he said.
When patients are in the mental health system for many months or years, it’s important for doctors to be able to track how their disease is progressing — which the real world doesn’t always capture, Dr. Marci noted.
"The ability to use computers, AI and data science to do a clinical assessment of the chart without the patient answering any questions or the clinician being burdened fills in a lot of gaps," he told Fox News Digital.
"We can then begin to apply other models to look and see who's responding to treatment, what types of treatment they're responding to and whether they’re getting the care they need," he added.
With the increasing mental health challenges and the widespread shortage of mental health providers, Dr. Marci said he believes that doctors will start using ChatGPT — the AI-based large language model that OpenAI released in 2022 — as a "large language model therapist," allowing doctors to interact with patients in a "clinically meaningful way."
Potentially, models such as ChatGPT could serve as an "off-hours" resource for those who need help in the middle of the night or on a weekend when they can’t get to the doctor’s office — "because mental health doesn't take a break," Dr. Marci said.
"The opportunity to have continuous care where the patient lives, rather than having to come into an office or get on a Zoom, that is supported by sophisticated models that actually have proven therapeutic value … [is] important," he also said.
But these models, which are built on both good information and misinformation, are not without risks, the doctor admitted.
"The most obvious risk is for [these models] to give literally deadly advice … and that would be disastrous," he said.
To minimize these risks, the models would need to filter out misinformation or add some checks on the data to remove any potentially bad advice, said Dr. Marci.
Dr. Cameron Caswell, an adolescent psychologist in Washington, D.C., has seen firsthand the struggle providers face in keeping up with the growing need for mental health care.
"I’ve talked to people who have been wait-listed for months, can’t find anyone that accepts their insurance or aren’t able to connect with a professional that meets their specific needs," she told Fox News Digital.
"They want help, but can’t seem to get it. This only adds to their feelings of hopelessness and despair."
Even so, Dr. Caswell is skeptical that AI is the answer.
"Programs like ChatGPT are phenomenal at providing information, research, strategies and tools, which can be useful in a pinch," she said.
"However, technology doesn’t provide what people need the most: empathy and human connection."
"While AI can provide positive reminders and prompt calming techniques, I worry that if it’s used to self-diagnose, it will lead to misdiagnosing, mislabeling and mistreating behaviors," she continued.
"This is likely to exacerbate problems, not remediate them."
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Dr. Marcum of Orange County, California, said he sees AI as being a helpful tool between sessions — or as a way to offer education about a diagnosis.
"It may also help clinicians with documentation or report writing, which can potentially help free up time to serve more clients throughout the week," she told Fox News Digital.
There are ongoing ethical concerns, however — including privacy, security of data and accountability, which still need to be developed further, she said.
"I think we will definitely see a trend toward the use of AI in treating mental health," said Dr. Marcum.
"But the exact landscape for how it will shape the field has yet to be determined."
2 years 3 months ago
Health, artificial-intelligence, chatgpt, mental-health, medical-tech, lifestyle, boston, stress-and-anxiety, depression
Health & Wellness | Toronto Caribbean Newspaper
Is there any such thing as being addicted to food?
BY RACHEL MARY RILEY Yes, I firmly believe that you can be addicted to food. Sometimes it starts with cravings. There are some of you, including myself that have faced this. It is up to you to change that path, and walk the narrow way. Junk food or addiction to food can come from many […]
The post Is there any such thing as being addicted to food? first appeared on Toronto Caribbean Newspaper.
2 years 3 months ago
Fitness, #LatestPost
Health & Wellness | Toronto Caribbean Newspaper
Don’t let food safety in the kitchen lapse: 10 ways to ensure you are eating safely
BY W. GIFFORD- JONES MD & DIANA GIFFORD-JONES It’s an age-old problem, but not one that should come with age. Yet, compared to younger culinary novices, elderly people may be more prone to making mistakes in food preparation that can lead to food poisoning. Kitchens can be a dangerous place. So there is no harm […]
The post Don’t let food safety in the kitchen lapse: 10 ways to ensure you are eating safely first appeared on Toronto Caribbean Newspaper.
2 years 3 months ago
Your Health, #LatestPost
El dolor, la esperanza y la ciencia chocan cuando los atletas recurren a los hongos mágicos
WAKEFIELD, Jamaica — El boxeador se sentía destrozado. Todos los días, se despertaba con dolor. A veces eran dolores de cabeza debilitantes. Otros, era su espalda. O sus puños. Sus costillas. Su nariz. Además, sufría de cambios de humor. Depresión. Ansiedad.
Mike Lee no se arrepintió de su carrera. Había sido uno de los mejores boxeadores profesionales del mundo en su categoría. Tenía marca de 21-1, y peleó en el Madison Square Garden y frente a millones en la televisión.
Pero habían pasado más de dos años desde que pisó un ring, y cada día era un recordatorio del costo. En un momento, Lee estaba tomando ocho medicamentos recetados, todos para tratar de sobrellevar la situación.
Contó que, en su momento más bajo, en una noche en que estaba en lo más profundo de una adicción a los analgésicos, pensó en chocar su auto contra la valla de una autopista de Chicago a 140 mph.
Estaba dispuesto a hacer cualquier cosa para escapar del infierno en el que se sentía atrapado.
El impulso se desvaneció, pero el dolor permaneció.
Estaba perdido.
“Cuando tienes dolor y estás atrapado, harás cualquier cosa para salir de eso”, dijo Lee.
Ahora, había llegado a una jungla verde al final de un camino de tierra en la mitad de una montaña.
Esperaba que los hongos psicodélicos pudieran cambiar su vida.
Lee era parte de un pequeño grupo, muchos de ellos atletas retirados, que viajaron a Jamaica en marzo de 2022 para un retiro que costó hasta $5500. Cada uno de ellos había venido a Good Hope Estate, una plantación de azúcar convertida en centro turístico exclusivo, con la esperanza de librarse de la depresión, la ansiedad y el dolor crónico que habían experimentado durante años.
Dos ceremonias con hongos psicodélicos y dos sesiones de terapia les esperaban en el retiro dirigido por una empresa canadiense llamada Wake Network. Los participantes estaban nerviosos, pero también esperanzados.
Junto con Lee, había un jugador profesional de fútbol americano que estaba considerando retirarse y una ex estrella de hockey que tenía múltiples conmociones cerebrales.
Venían de todas partes de América del Norte, de diferentes orígenes y diferentes deportes, pero tenían algunas cosas en común: eran vulnerables y sentían que los medicamentos recetados les habían fallado. No sabían qué esperar, si el tratamiento funcionaría, si regresarían a casa con una solución o simplemente con otra decepción.
Lee se enteró del retiro por un amigo de la infancia que trabaja como médico en Wake. Otros habían sido reclutados por Riley Cote, un ex ejecutor de los Philadelphia Flyers y ahora un evangelista psicodélico que es asesor de Wake con una participación accionaria.
Alguna vez, Cote fue como Lee. Le encantaba golpear a la gente en la cara. Amaba la forma en que su mano aterrizaba con un ruido sordo cuando sus nudillos se conectaban con la carne y el hueso a una velocidad violenta. Romper la cabeza de alguien hacía que Cote se sintiera vivo.
“Luché contra todos. Escogía al tipo más grande que pudiera encontrar y lo desafiaba. Así fue como sobreviví, cómo me hice un nombre. Me estaba infligiendo todo este dolor e inflamación, siempre recibiendo puñetazos en la cara, y tenía que mantener este tipo de personalidad machista, como, ‘Oh, no puedes lastimarme. No puedes lastimarme’”.
Ya no era esa persona. Le daba escalofríos pensar en el hombre que alguna vez fue, alguien que bebía en exceso y usaba analgésicos para adormecer su cerebro. Hubo un tiempo en que él, como Lee, estaba en un lugar oscuro, pero con el transcurso de varios años, los hongos psicodélicos, cree Cote, lo ayudaron a regresar a la luz.
“El mundo está en una crisis, una crisis de salud mental, una crisis espiritual”, dijo Cote. “Y creo que estas son medicinas espirituales, y siento que es el camino correcto para mí. No lo considero más que mi deber, mi propósito en este planeta es compartir la verdad sobre la medicina natural”.
Durante años, han circulado rumores sobre una red clandestina de atletas, principalmente ex atletas, que usan psilocibina, el compuesto de los hongos mágicos, para tratar lesiones cerebrales traumáticas, ansiedad y depresión.
Muchos de ellos, como Cote, ven a los psicodélicos como una cura milagrosa, lo único que pudieron encontrar que podría ayudar a romper un ciclo de analgésicos y abuso de sustancias. Se reunían en pequeños grupos para ingerir hongos en privado o viajaban a países como Jamaica donde los hongos psicodélicos no están prohibidos.
Ahora, el uso de hongos psicodélicos está ganando terreno en los Estados Unidos. Varias ciudades han despenalizado la posesión de psilocibina, y los votantes de Oregon y Colorado aprobaron medidas electorales para legalizar los hongos mágicos bajo uso supervisado. Muchos investigadores predicen que la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA) aprobará un tratamiento psicodélico en los próximos cinco años.
Pero muchos de esos mismos investigadores advierten que la intensa promoción de los psicodélicos está superando a la ciencia, y que el tratamiento conlleva riesgos significativos para algunos pacientes. Temen que, a menos que la investigación se lleve a cabo de forma metódica y ética, el uso generalizado de la psilocibina podría resultar en una reacción negativa del público, como sucedió en la década de 1960, relegando un tratamiento prometedor al basurero de las sustancias prohibidas.
Están instando a las entidades corporativas como Wake, que ya se están posicionando para aprovechar la posible legalización de los psicodélicos, a que avancen lentamente, se aseguren de que la investigación se realice de la manera correcta y permitan que la ciencia se ponga al día.
“Si no haces esto de manera segura, la gente saldrá lastimada”, dijo Matthew Johnson, profesor de psiquiatría e investigador de psicodélicos en la Universidad Johns Hopkins.
Pero muchos, incluidos los ex atletas profesionales con cuerpos y cerebros maltratados, no quieren esperar el lento avance de la investigación clínica. Necesitan ayuda ahora.
Los analgésicos, los antidepresivos, las innumerables píldoras diferentes que les recetaron a lo largo de los años no han ayudado. En sus mentes, las historias de sus compañeros atletas que dicen que se han beneficiado de los psicodélicos superan cualquier incertidumbre científica.
“Cuando piensas en hongos mágicos, piensas en los hippies de Woodstock bailando al ritmo de la música”, dijo Lee. “Pensar que tienes algunos de los mejores atletas del mundo aquí que están lidiando con algunas cosas y las están tomando, te hace sentir más cómodo. Me hace sentir como, ‘Está bien, tal vez estoy haciendo lo correcto’. Es una medicina curativa; no es solo una droga de fiesta”.
***
Cote, ahora de 41 años, era un patinador de hockey decente que creció en Winnipeg, Manitoba, tenaz de punta a punta y un trabajador incansable, pero bastante promedio en el manejo del disco.
No anotó suficientes goles para ascender en el hockey junior como lo hicieron algunos prospectos. Sin embargo, a medida que crecía, a los entrenadores no les importaba tanto. Tenía hombros anchos y un largo alcance. En una era del hockey en la cual la violencia todavía era moneda corriente, había encontrado su boleto dorado para la NHL: Cote golpeaba a la gente y recibía golpes a cambio.
Como miembro de los Flyers, vio que era su deber mantener las tradiciones de los Broad Street Bullies, un grupo de jugadores de la década de 1970 que fueron celebrados por la prensa por jugar y festejar fuerte.
Se abrió camino a través de la NHL durante partes de cuatro temporadas, acumulando más de 400 minutos de penalización en su carrera y anotando solo un gol. La mayoría de sus peleas fueron situaciones brutales, bárbaras. Sus destacados muestran a un gigante corpulento, con los ojos llenos de violencia, el tipo de matón que podría romperte la mandíbula y reír como un maníaco después, la sangre goteando de su rostro y cayendo al hielo.
“Fue algo que disfruté hacer, y creo que era solo un elemento de competencia para mí”, dijo Cote. “Y probablemente también era algo que estaba haciendo por miedo: miedo de no vivir mi sueño de la infancia o de decepcionar a mis padres o a la gente”.
Dijo que se medicaba por su dolor casi todos los días con alcohol. Las cervezas eran un aperitivo de camino a los shots en la barra. Después, venían drogas duras. Él y sus compañeros de equipo se quedaban fuera hasta las 3 am, a veces más tarde, y luego intentaban sudar el veneno al día siguiente durante la práctica.
Después de unos años, su cerebro comenzó a empañarse. Se hizo más grande y más fuerte a través del levantamiento de pesas, y parecía un monstruo en el hielo, pero cada una de sus habilidades de hockey se deterioró, salvo las peleas. A medida que su carrera terminaba, dijo, se sentía como si la oscuridad se acercara sigilosamente. Se deprimió. Tenía miedo de en lo que se había convertido.
Hoy, Cote se parece poco a aquel ejecutor de los videos. Más delgado y tranquilo, imparte clases de yoga en un estudio de Delaware tres veces por semana. Con el pelo hasta los hombros, tatuajes en los brazos y el pecho, habla con una suave voz de barítono. Parece más un monje que un monstruo.
“Miro hacia atrás y tal vez solo muestra lo confundido que estaba y la realidad que estaba buscando, que supuestamente era la felicidad y la satisfacción de perseguir el sueño de mi infancia”, dijo Cote. “Pero es difícil para mí entender que estoy haciendo eso ahora, simplemente sabiendo quién soy ahora y dándome cuenta de que se necesita mucha oscuridad para hacer lo que hice”.
Cote dijo que tomó hongos de forma recreativa durante sus 20 años, pero nunca en un entorno terapéutico o con el entendimiento de que podrían ayudarlo a procesar su trauma físico y emocional. “Era solo parte de la escena o parte de la fiesta”, dijo.
Pero cuando se jubiló en 2010, sintió que estaba enfrentando una crisis de identidad. Había sido un luchador durante tanto tiempo que pensó que eso era todo lo que era. ¿Cómo podría un ejecutor fracasado criar a dos hijas?
Empezó a leer. Lo que aprendió lo sorprendió.
Los investigadores habían revivido silenciosamente el estudio sobre los hongos psicodélicos como tratamiento médico en el año 2000, y los primeros hallazgos sugirieron que la psilocibina a menudo tenía beneficios notables para las personas diagnosticadas con ansiedad y depresión. Ayudó a algunos pacientes a deshacerse de sus adicciones a las drogas o al alcohol.
Otra investigación sugirió que la psilocibina en realidad puede ser capaz de remodelar la anatomía del cerebro, restaurar las vías neurológicas y ayudar a curar lesiones cerebrales traumáticas.
Para Cote, a quien le diagnosticaron al menos tres conmociones cerebrales en su carrera de hockey y probablemente sufrió muchas más, fue transformador.
Cote ahora recluta clientes para Wake, que organiza retiros inmersivos de psilocibina fuera de los Estados Unidos.
“Algunas personas vienen a estos eventos y están al borde del suicidio”, dijo Tyler Macleod, cofundador de Wake y su director de experiencia. “No se arreglan después de una ceremonia, pero ya no están atascados en la oscuridad. Se despiertan y dicen: ‘Oh, puedo navegar de nuevo una relación con mis hijos'”.
Todos los ex atletas que asisten a estos retiros están luchando con algo, dijo Cote. Necesitan ayuda. En muchos casos, sienten que han probado todo lo demás. Les pregunta por qué tienen que esperar cuando tantos estudios y anécdotas indican resultados positivos.
“Es como con el cannabis: ¿cuántas historias tuvimos que contarnos antes de tener un programa médico?”, apuntó Cote. “Simplemente ha estado bloqueado durante tanto tiempo”.
***
En 1970, el presidente Richard Nixon promulgó la Ley de Sustancias Controladas, legislación que dividía las drogas en cinco niveles, clasificándolas en gran medida según su potencial de abuso. Los hongos mágicos se clasificaron como sustancias de la Lista 1, junto con la heroína y la marihuana, lo que significa que el gobierno creía que no tenían ningún beneficio médico y que tenían un alto potencial de generar adicción. (La cocaína, la oxicodona y la metanfetamina se clasificaron como drogas de la Lista 2).
Esas decisiones, que el asesor de Nixon, John Ehrlichman, dijo más tarde que tenían motivaciones políticas, continúan teniendo un efecto dominó en la actualidad. La investigación sobre tratamientos psicodélicos se suspendió durante 30 años.
Si bien los estudios recientes han tenido un alcance pequeño, han mostrado efectos notables. Los medicamentos recetados aprobados para afecciones como la ansiedad o la depresión ayudan, en el mejor de los casos, a entre el 40% y el 60% de los pacientes. En los primeros ensayos, los psicodélicos han alcanzado tasas de eficacia de más del 70%.
Y, a diferencia de la mayoría de los medicamentos recetados, que dejan de funcionar poco después de que los pacientes dejan de tomarlos, uno o dos tratamientos de psilocibina pueden tener efectos terapéuticos por seis meses, un año o incluso más, según un estudio de Johns Hopkins.
Con un riesgo mínimo de adicción o sobredosis y siglos de uso por parte de las culturas indígenas, muchos investigadores consideran que la psilocibina es un tratamiento innovador potencial con grandes beneficios y pocos riesgos.
Scott Aaronson, director de programas de investigación clínica en Sheppard Pratt, un hospital psiquiátrico sin fines de lucro en las afueras de Baltimore, ha estado estudiando los trastornos del estado de ánimo difíciles de tratar durante 40 años, comenzando con algunos de los primeros estudios sobre Prozac.
“Soy un ser humano cínico, escéptico y sarcástico”, dijo Aaronson. “Y te diré, nunca he visto algo así en todos mis años”.
Pero la psilocibina no está exenta de riesgos. Puede exacerbar problemas cardíacos y desencadenar esquizofrenia en personas con una predisposición genética, y la combinación de psilocibina y litio puede causar convulsiones.
Los ensayos clínicos generalmente han descartado a los pacientes en riesgo de tales complicaciones. Aún así, una parte significativa de quienes consumen psilocibina, incluso sin ninguna de esas preocupaciones, tienen una experiencia negativa.
“En una dosis alta, alrededor de un tercio de las personas en nuestros estudios, incluso en estas condiciones ideales, pueden tener lo que se llamaría un mal viaje, algún grado de ansiedad o miedo sustancial”, dijo Johnson, investigador de Johns Hopkins. “Una persona puede ser muy vulnerable psicológicamente. Puede sentirse como si estuvieran muriendo”.
Sin embargo, a veces, incluso esos “malos viajes” pueden conducir a la ayuda con la depresión u otros problemas, según han descubierto investigadores, especialmente con la ayuda de seguimiento de un terapeuta para procesar la experiencia.
Los efectos psicodélicos de la psilocibina también pueden desconectar a una persona de la realidad, lo que puede llevar a las personas a hacer cosas peligrosas, como correr hacia el tráfico o saltar por una ventana.
“La percepción misma de la realidad y de ellos mismos en la realidad, como quiénes son, estas cosas pueden cambiar profundamente y no es una buena receta para interactuar en público”, dijo Johnson.
Los investigadores también describen casos en los que la psilocibina pone a las personas con problemas psicológicos no resueltos en estado de angustia a largo plazo.
Es por eso que los investigadores insisten en que la psilocibina debe administrarse en un entorno clínico con terapeutas capacitados que puedan guiar a las personas a través de la experiencia, lidiar con los resultados negativos cuando surjan, y ayudarlas a procesar e integrar sus experiencias.
Los ensayos clínicos de psilocibina se han basado en protocolos estrictos, que incluyen una o más sesiones antes del tratamiento para ayudar a los participantes a comprender qué esperar. El consumo de los hongos se hace a menudo en un solo día, con uno o dos terapeutas disponibles.
En los días siguientes, la persona regresa para lo que se conoce como integración, generalmente una sesión de terapia individual para ayudar a procesar la experiencia y comenzar el camino hacia la curación. Algunos ensayos agregan un día adicional de terapia entre dos tratamientos.
A diferencia de un medicamento típico, nose envía a los pacientes a casa con un frasco de píldoras. Todo el protocolo se parece más a un procedimiento médico.
Pero es un error pensar que es la medicina psicodélica la que hace todo el trabajo, no la terapia que viene después, dijo Jeffrey LaPratt, psicólogo e investigador de psilocibina con Sheppard Pratt. “Es un trabajo muy duro y requiere vulnerabilidad. Se necesita coraje. Puede ser realmente doloroso”.
***
El ex jugador de la NHL Steve Downie sintió como si algo en él se hubiera roto cuando lo invitaron al retiro de Wake en Jamaica. Sus días estaban llenos de niebla. Vivía con depresión, a menudo incapaz de salir de su casa.
“Me cansé de ir a esos médicos y me cansé de hablar con ellos”, dijo Downie. “No me malinterpreten, no digo que los médicos sean malos. Solo digo que, en mi experiencia personal, lo que viví no fue positivo. Y llega un punto en el que tienes que probar algo nuevo, y es por eso que estoy aquí”.
También tuvo un trauma en su vida que nunca había enfrentado realmente. Cuando Downie tenía 8 años, su padre murió en un accidente automovilístico que lo llevó a practicar hockey. Lanzarse profundamente en el deporte fue su única forma de sobrellevar la muerte de su padre. Al igual que Cote, su compañero de equipo en los Flyers durante dos años, jugó de manera imprudente imprudente, lanzándose a colisiones violentas que lo dejaban a él y a sus oponentes ensangrentados.
Después de una carrera juvenil empañada por una controversia de novatos, Downie comenzó su primera temporada en la NHL, en 2007, con una suspensión de 20 juegos por un brutal control en las tablas en un competencia de pretemporada que envió a su oponente fuera del hielo en camilla.
Sigue siendo una de las suspensiones más largas jamás emitidas por la liga. En la prensa de hockey, fue etiquetado como un villano, un matón y un psicótico extremo. Las palabras le dolieron un poco, incluso cuando trató de reírse de ellas.
“No tengo dientes y soy pequeño, así que no pueden estar tan equivocados”, dijo Downie. “¿Bien? Al final del día, era un trabajo. Hice lo que me pidieron”.
Durante sus nueve temporadas jugando para cinco equipos de la NHL, sufrió más conmociones cerebrales de las que podía recordar. Sordo de un oído, al borde de las lágrimas todos los días y bastante seguro de que estaba bebiendo demasiado, Downie, que ahora tiene 36 años, se miraba en el espejo algunos días y se preguntaba si estaría muerto en seis meses.
No sabía nada sobre psicodélicos, solo que Cote le había dicho que lo ayudaría cuando Downie estuviera listo.
“Llamé a Riley y le dije: ‘Necesito algo, hombre’. Me cansé de ir a los médicos y hablar con ellos”, dijo Downie. “Muchas de las pastillas que te dan, te comen el cerebro. Realmente no te ayudan”.
Justin Renfrow, un jugador de línea de 33 años que jugó en la NFL y en Canadá, llegó en busca de claridad. Estaba considerando retirarse del fútbol profesional, algo que lo asustaba y lo emocionaba. Había estado jugando durante la mitad de su vida, y el juego era una gran parte de su identidad. Fue la última conexión que tuvo con su abuela, una de las personas más importantes de su vida. Ella fue la que iba a los viajes de reclutamiento con él. Después de su muerte en 2021, Renfrow sintió que una parte de ella todavía estaba con él mientras jugara.
Pero después de una década de jugar profesionalmente, el cuerpo de Renfrow estaba maltratado. Le dolía una de las rodillas. Había llegado a odiar las drogas farmacéuticas. Dijo que los médicos del equipo le habían recetado tantos medicamentos diferentes, incluidos los que cubren el estómago y los bloqueadores de los nervios para que pudiera tomar más analgésicos, que su cuerpo comenzó a experimentar terribles efectos secundarios.
Dijo que una vez tuvo una reacción tan mala a una combinación de analgésicos que le habían dado que necesitó atención médica después de sudar a través de su ropa y tener problemas para respirar.
“Es solo, ‘Necesitamos llegar a los playoffs, así que toma esto'”, dijo Renfrow. “Lanzó mi cuerpo en picada”.
Había usado hongos psicodélicos en numerosas ocasiones, principalmente como una forma de lidiar con el dolor provocado por el fútbol americano, pero nunca los había usado como parte de una ceremonia o para meditar. En este viaje, buscó claridad. ¿Era hora de alejarse del fútbol? Le apasionaba la cocina y estaba pensando en iniciar su propio programa en YouTube. Tal vez era hora de cambiar su enfoque y dejar que el fútbol se desvaneciera.
“Tengo muchas personas que dependen de mí todos los días”, dijo Renfrow.
Los atletas esperaban que la ceremonia los ayudara a obtener respuestas.
La investigación sobre psicodélicos es prometedora y emocionante, pero la efectividad de los hongos como tratamiento no está del todo establecida. Pero incluso si la psilocibina y otros psicodélicos resultan ser nada más que un placebo, lo que algunos investigadores dicen que es posible, muchos atletas juran que están encontrando un alivio real de la ansiedad, la depresión y otros traumas persistentes de sus días de juego.
Con un mercado global potencial multimillonario, también hay un gran incentivo financiero. Wake es solo una de un número creciente de nuevas empresas con fines de lucro respaldadas por dinero de inversión privada que buscan una parte del tratamiento psicodélico.
Eventualmente, ellos y otros esperan abrir centros de tratamiento o vender las drogas en los Estados Unidos y Canadá. En Canadá, la producción, venta o posesión de hongos psicodélicos son ilegales.
Durante el retiro de Jamaica, los líderes de Wake dieron una presentación a los participantes sobre cómo podrían invertir en la empresa.
Macleod dijo que se interesó en la terapia psicodélica no como una oportunidad comercial, sino después de que perdió a su hermana, Heather, hace seis años por suicidio.
Perderla lo llevó a buscar respuestas. Su hermana había sido esquiadora competitiva en Canadá, pero una serie de caídas le provocaron múltiples conmociones cerebrales y durante su vida adulta tuvo ansiedad y depresión. La medicina tradicional le falló repetidamente, dijo Macleod. Cada semana, se encuentra deseando haber sabido lo que sabe ahora y haberlo usado para intentar salvarla.
“No puedo decirte cuántas personas vienen a mí que están luchando como mi hermana”, dijo. “Dios, desearía que ella pudiera estar aquí. Sé que ella nos estaría animando. La veo a veces mirándonos desde arriba y diciendo: ‘Ayuda a otras personas que estaban atrapadas donde yo estaba'”.
Ansiosas por llevar los tratamientos psicodélicos a los consumidores, las empresas corporativas a menudo extrapolan los resultados de la investigación de ensayos clínicos estrictamente controlados con pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados para promover un uso más amplio por parte de la población general en casi cualquier entorno.
“La presión por los psicodélicos generalmente está siendo impulsada por personas que quieren ganar dinero, mucho más que por científicos”, dijo Kevin Sabet, ex asesor principal de la Oficina de Política Nacional de Control de Drogas de la Casa Blanca, y ahora presidente y director ejecutivo de Smart Approaches to Marijuana, un grupo político que se opone a la legalización de la marihuana.
“¿Por qué dejaríamos que los inversionistas de Wall Street, que son realmente los que están aquí tratando de ganar dinero, lideren la conversación?”, agregó.
La comercialización podría ser tanto buena como mala para los psicodélicos. Por un lado, podría proporcionar financiación para la investigación; por otro, el deseo de rentabilizar esa inversión podría influir indebidamente en los resultados y poner en riesgo a los pacientes.
“Tu modelo de negocio no va a funcionar bien cuando alguien salta por la ventana y aparece en la portada de The New York Times”, dijo Johnson, el investigador de Johns Hopkins.
La investigación clínica también debe superar la imagen del hongo como una droga de fiesta, algo que los hippies comparten en bolsas de plástico en las últimas filas de los conciertos.
Para cambiar esa narrativa, dicen Wake y otras compañías, se están inclinando mucho hacia la ciencia. Esto no es una búsqueda de emociones, dicen, sino una medicina legítima que trata condiciones psiquiátricas reales.
Es el mismo argumento que hicieron los defensores de la legalización de la marihuana, ya sea que lo creyeran o lo estuvieran usando como un medio para un fin: presionar para legalizar el cannabis como medicina antes de abrir las puertas al uso recreativo sin restricciones.
Los líderes de Wake, como la mayoría de los ejecutivos en el universo psicodélico, han dicho que están comprometidos a ayudar en la investigación para demostrar a los reguladores federales que la psilocibina es segura y efectiva. Las muestras de sangre y saliva que recolectó un médico en el retiro de Wake, dijeron, se usarían para identificar marcadores genéticos que podrían predecir quién responderá al tratamiento con psilocibina.
El equipo de Wake hizo que los participantes usaran un casco que contenía tecnología de imágenes experimentales que se había utilizado en ensayos clínicos para rastrear la actividad cerebral antes, durante y después de las experiencias psicodélicas. Como parte de la investigación, los participantes usaron el casco mientras jugaban juegos de palabras.
Muchos investigadores académicos se preguntan si algunas empresas simplemente están aplicando un barniz de ciencia a un esfuerzo por hacer dinero, lo que muchos escépticos denominan “teatro placebo”.
De hecho, Aaronson teme que el campo pronto pueda estar “lleno de vendedores ambulantes”.
“El problema que tienes es que, como era de esperar, las redes sociales y las comunicaciones funcionan mucho más rápido que la ciencia”, dijo. “Entonces, todos están tratando de tener en sus manos estas cosas porque creen que será increíble”.
Aaronson ha diseñado protocolos de ensayos clínicos para Compass Pathways, una empresa competidora con fines de lucro que busca comercializar tratamientos con psilocibina, y ha rechazado a otras empresas que buscan crear una huella en el espacio psicodélico. (Aaronson recibe fondos de Compass para respaldar su investigación, pero dijo que no tiene ningún interés financiero directo en la empresa).
“Me preocupa quién respalda el juego de algunas de estas compañías y trato de averiguar qué es lo que realmente busca alguien”, dijo. “Hablas con la gente y ves si hay un plan real para investigar o si hay un plan real para vender algo”.
***
Un murmullo de tensión nerviosa perduraba en el aire mientras los atletas se preparaban para la ceremonia. En el desayuno, no hubo muchas conversaciones triviales. Los asistentes se arremolinaron y se registraron con el personal médico de Wake para ofrecer sus muestras de sangre y saliva. Algunos participaron en una clase de yoga en un estudio al aire libre con vista a la jungla.
Wake había contratado a una chamán jamaicana, una mujer llamada Sherece Cowan, una empresaria de comida vegana que fue finalista de Miss Universe Jamaica 2012, para dirigir a los atletas en la ceremonia. Pidió que la llamaran Sita y se refirió a sí misma como facilitadora de medicina natural.
Habló lenta y deliberadamente, agitando el humo de una urna mientras instaba a los participantes a reunirse en círculo en el césped de la finca. Después de beber una dosis de 3 a 5 gramos de psilocibina, que había sido molida en polvo y mezclada con jugo de naranja, los atletas cayeron en un estado de sueño durante las próximas cuatro a seis horas.
“Espero que obtengas todo lo que necesitas. Puede que no sea todo lo que estás pidiendo, pero espero que recibas todo lo que necesitas”, dijo Cowan. “Bendiciones en tu viaje”.
Un músico local comenzó a tocar, sus tambores y campanas pretendían realzar el viaje. La mayoría de los atletas yacían sobre colchonetas, como si durmieran. Cote se sentó en una pose de yoga. Nick Murray, director ejecutivo de Wake, le había pedido a Cote que usara un casco especial, un dispositivo de electroencefalografía más pequeño que el otro casco, para medir su actividad cerebral.
Excepto por los tambores y las campanas del músico, todo estaba en silencio. De vez en cuando, el viento agitaba las hojas de los árboles en el límite de la propiedad, pero durante las siguientes seis horas, dentro del círculo, el tiempo casi se detuvo.
Dos horas después de la ceremonia, después de que el psicodélico había hecho efecto, lo que estaba ocurriendo pasaba dentro de las cabezas de los atletas. Cote, sorprendentemente, seguía manteniendo su postura de yoga.
El silencio se rompió cuando Renfrow se levantó de su estera después de tres horas. Llevaba una sudadera en la ceremonia con sus iniciales, JR, estampadas en el pecho. Se quitó la camisa de su cuerpo con frustración y la arrojó a un lado.
Las lágrimas se derramaron por su rostro.
Cuando la ceremonia terminó, los atletas comenzaron a sentarse y algunos charlaron en voz baja.
La mayoría no estaba seguro de cómo describir la experiencia. Para algunos, se sintió como un descenso a los rincones de la mente, con colores y emociones mezclándose. Otros dijeron que enfrentaron traumas que pensaron que habían enterrado o emociones que querían reprimir. Dijeron sentir una conexión con las otras personas en el círculo.
“Es el último asesino del ego porque, al menos para mí, te da una empatía increíble que nunca antes habías sentido”, dijo Lee. “Cuando estás haciendo un viaje con otras personas, te ves a tí mismo en ellos. Es casi como si estuvieras caminando frente a un espejo, diferentes espejos. Ves partes de tí mismo en todos y te das cuenta de que todos estamos conectados y todos estamos pasando por algo, todos tenemos algún tipo de dolor, y eso te vuelve humilde”.
La mayoría de los atletas se quedaron solos para poder anotar sus pensamientos en un diario, siguiendo las instrucciones del personal de Wake. Habría una sesión de terapia comunitaria a la mañana siguiente.
A cada uno se le pediría que compartiera algo de su viaje.
***
Al final, la mayoría de los curiosos sobre la psilocibina simplemente quieren saber: ¿Funciona? Y, ¿cómo funciona? Los científicos dicen que esas son preguntas difíciles de responder en este momento.
Investigadores han descubierto que los psicodélicos clásicos, como la psilocibina y el LSD, actúan sobre el receptor de serotonina 2A, el mismo receptor al que se apuntan los antidepresivos más comunes del mercado. Pero más allá de eso, la comprensión de cómo funcionan para ayudar a las personas es, en este punto, más teoría o conjetura que hecho científico.
Johnson, el investigador de Johns Hopkins, dijo que la psilocibina ayuda a aumentar la apertura en las personas, permitiéndoles salir de su visión de quiénes son. Alguien que se resigna a ser un fumador que no puede dejar de fumar o una persona con depresión que no puede encontrar la felicidad puede, bajo la influencia de los psicodélicos, verse a sí mismo de una manera diferente, explicó.
“Una vez que están fuera de la trampa mental, se vuelve tan obvio para las personas con estos diferentes trastornos que, ‘¿Sabes qué? Puedo simplemente decidir dejar de fumar. Puedo dejar de lado mi tristeza’”, dijo Johnson.
Estudios con ratas muestran que los psicodélicos también parecen aumentar la conectividad neuronal en el cerebro, incluso después de una sola dosis. Eso podría ayudar al cerebro a recuperarse de lesiones traumáticas o conmociones cerebrales, encontrando nuevos caminos alrededor de las áreas dañadas.
La teoría predominante de cómo la psilocibina y otros psicodélicos podrían ayudar a tratar la salud mental es que reprimen la actividad en la red de modo predeterminado del cerebro. Es un conjunto de regiones del cerebro que se activan cuando las personas reflexionan sobre algo, y una de las pocas partes que está hiperactiva en las personas con depresión.
A menudo revisan los errores que cometieron una y otra vez o se castigan continuamente por ellos, dijo LaPratt, el investigador de Sheppard Pratt. Esa hiperactividad en la red de modo predeterminado conduce a patrones repetitivos de pensamientos negativos. ¿Qué me pasa? ¿Por qué soy tan infeliz? De los cuales la persona no puede escapar.
Las personas con depresión suelen reflexionar sobre el pasado; personas con ansiedad, sobre el futuro.
“Es posible que surja algo y luego el cerebro comience a pensar, y nuevamente, como ese disco rayado”, dijo LaPratt. “Puede ser muy fácil comenzar a pensar en cómo todo podría salir mal y comenzar a dramatizar”.
Ese pensamiento repetitivo también prevalece en personas con otras afecciones, incluido el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y el trastorno por estrés postraumático. Comienza a afectar el sentido de quiénes son; se definen a sí mismos por su condición.
Pero los psicodélicos parecen ayudar a las personas a examinar viejos traumas sin volver a caer en el mismo ciclo destructivo. Pueden ayudar a las personas a sentirse más conectadas con los demás. La depresión y la ansiedad no se borran simplemente, dijo LaPratt, sino que las personas pueden obtener una nueva perspectiva de sus problemas y comenzar a sentir, tal vez por primera vez, que pueden deshacerse de ellos.
“Vemos una mayor apertura y cierta motivación para cambiar los comportamientos”, dijo.
La mayoría de los psicodélicos están fuera del sistema de una persona a la mañana siguiente, pero, según los investigadores, esa mayor apertura puede durar semanas o meses sin dosis adicionales, lo que brinda una ventana durante la cual pueden comenzar a abordar sus problemas.
“Quizás estemos ayudando a las personas a llegar al punto de poder aceptar las cosas que no pueden cambiar y cambiar las cosas que sí pueden”, dijo Aaronson, haciéndose eco de la Oración de la serenidad, que a menudo se usa en los ejercicios de 12 pasos de los programas de recuperación. “Se les quita autonomía personal a las personas con depresión. No sienten que puedan operar en su mejor interés. Se ven atrapados en un conflicto interno. Y creo que esto les ayuda a ir más allá de eso”.
Por la mañana, los atletas se reunieron en un patio para una forma de terapia de grupo llamada integración. Estaba previsto que durara al menos dos horas. Macleod explicó que era una parte esencial para comprender el viaje de la psilocibina. Todos los asistentes tuvieron la oportunidad de compartir algo de su experiencia, ya fuera esclarecedor, confuso, edificante o una mezcla de muchas emociones.
Lee habló sobre su ansiedad, sobre tratar de entender cuál sería su identidad ahora que no era boxeador. Al alejarse del ring, temía estar decepcionando a todas las personas que lo apoyaron cuando eligió una carrera de boxeo en lugar de un trabajo en finanzas después de graduarse de Notre Dame.
Pero ahora había llegado a comprender que esas eran sus propias inseguridades. Podía seguir su propio camino. Podría ayudar a las personas que experimentan un dolor físico y emocional similar.
Renfrow respiró hondo varias veces mientras buscaba las palabras. Durante la mayor parte de su vida, se había visto a sí mismo como un jugador de fútbol americano. Pero en su viaje de psilocibina, sintió como si los miembros de su familia le dijeran que estaba bien dejarlo ir. Cuando se puso de pie durante la ceremonia y se quitó la camisa con sus iniciales, dijo que, simbólicamente, estaba soltando algo.
“Está bien dejar de perseguir el viaje del fútbol”, dijo Renfrow. “No voy a vestirme bien este año y eso está bien para mí. Seré capaz de resolverlo.
Al decir adiós al fútbol, dijo, se estaba despidiendo de su abuela.
“El fútbol era ella”, dijo Renfrow, y comenzó a llorar. “Fuimos a todos mis viajes de reclutamiento. Así que tuve que dejarla ir dejando ir al fútbol. Y ese fue un gran momento cuando me puse de pie. Tuve que dejarla ir. Así que fue difícil, pero tenía que hacerlo”.
Cuando fue el turno de Downie, trató de calmar la tensión bromeando, diciendo que era hora de ir a comer. No quería abrirse al grupo, dijo. Había escrito algunas notas en una hoja de papel. Sus manos temblaban mientras trataba de leerlas.
“No estaba bebiendo y no estaba consumiendo drogas por diversión”, dijo Downie con voz temblorosa. “Estaba adormeciendo mi cerebro porque estaba jodido. No pude salir de mi camino de entrada durante un año. Me senté en cuartos oscuros y recurrí a las drogas y el alcohol”.
Pero dijo que en el viaje psicodélico pudo conectarse con su pasado. “Estoy sentado allí y estoy repasando mi cerebro, estoy hablando con mi papá, estoy hablando con los miembros de mi familia. He pedido perdón a todos los que podría pedir perdón”, dijo. “Me hizo llorar. Me hizo sentir bien”.
Se dio cuenta, a través del viaje, que quería ser un mejor hombre. Su voz temblaba mientras trataba de pronunciar las palabras.
“Al final de todo esto, creo que lo que he aprendido es cómo controlar lo que sucede. yo tengo el control. Puedo controlar esto”, dijo. “Me iré a casa y me identificaré y ejecutaré y seré un mejor padre y me quedaré para mis hijos, lidiaré con mis conmociones cerebrales lo mejor que pueda”.
Se giró para mirar directamente a Cote, las lágrimas corrían por sus mejillas detrás de sus gafas de sol.
“Quiero decir esto, hermano, cuando digo que me salvaste la vida”.
Cuando las palabras de Downie dieron paso al silencio, Lee se levantó de su silla. Cruzó el círculo, se acercó a Downie y abrió los brazos. Los dos luchadores, que llegaron a Jamaica tristes y destrozados, se abrazaron.
***
Si bien los estudios han encontrado que la psilocibina junto con la terapia es más efectiva que la terapia sola, no está claro si la psilocibina sola, sin el trabajo preparatorio o la integración posterior, tiene algún efecto.
“Hay una razón por la cual las personas que van a raves y toman psilocibina no se curan”, dijo Aaronson. “La psilocibina no es un antidepresivo”.
Incluso dentro de los estrictos protocolos de ensayos clínicos, la pregunta sigue siendo si la terapia asistida por psilocibina funciona. Los estudios preliminares han sido prometedores, pero el número de sujetos de prueba ha sido pequeño. Se necesitan estudios mucho más amplios para determinar tanto la seguridad como la eficacia.
Aún así, eso no ha impedido que los defensores de la psilocibina promocionen la investigación hasta la fecha, lo que implica que es más definitiva de lo que es. Además, muchos evangelistas de los hongos atribuyen los efectos positivos de los ensayos clínicos al consumo de psilocibina en general, descartando los protocolos utilizados en los estudios.
En el retiro de Wake en Jamaica, por ejemplo, los atletas tomaron psilocibina en ceremonias grupales guiadas por Cowan, la chamán local, mientras que las sesiones de integración grupal fueron dirigidas por un médico osteópata. Ninguno de los dos era un psicoterapeuta autorizado, dijo Murray. No está claro si los beneficios de la terapia con psilocibina sugeridos por la investigación clínica se aplicarían a un entorno grupal, para la dosificación o la integración.
Murray, director ejecutivo de Wake, dijo que si bien la investigación clínica se esfuerza por eliminar cualquier variable, como las interacciones entre los participantes, los líderes de Wake sienten que el entorno grupal ofrece beneficios a sus clientes.
“Es ese grupo que siente que, ‘Estamos juntos en esto. Mi divorcio es como tu divorcio. Perdí a un hermano’”, dijo. “Eso es difícil de poner en un ensayo clínico”.
Wake se había registrado para realizar un ensayo clínico en Jamaica, pero Murray dijo que la compañía finalmente decidió no continuar, centrándose, en cambio, en ofrecer tratamiento.
Aún así, Murray dijo que Wake está contribuyendo a la investigación científica: recolectaron muestras de sangre y saliva, y se les pidió a los participantes que completaran cuestionarios antes y después del retiro para ayudar a evaluar si el tratamiento había funcionado.
Murray dijo que Wake usa los mismos cuestionarios validados clínicamente que se usan en el consultorio de un psiquiatra.
“Entonces, no es teatro. Estas son las herramientas reales que se utilizan”, dijo. Sin embargo, sería difícil con el enfoque de Wake analizar si los hongos y la integración ayudaron a los participantes u otras influencias, como estar de vacaciones en Jamaica, estar entre un grupo de compañeros de apoyo o la marihuana que muchos de ellos fumaban regularmente durante el retiro.
“Al menos tienes que escuchar y tomarlo en serio. Hay anécdotas de personas que dicen que se habrían suicidado”, dijo Johnson. “A veces ves solo la experiencia de ‘full monty’, donde esta persona está allí en una trayectoria oscura, oscura y toda su vida cambia. Sospecho que esto es real. Algo está pasando con estos atletas que hacen estos informes”.
Las anécdotas brillantes, particularmente cuando provienen de atletas o celebridades de alto perfil, tienen peso entre el público y ayudan a impulsar medidas como las de Oregon y Colorado que están estableciendo vías para el tratamiento con psilocibina, independientemente de lo que piensen los investigadores o los reguladores.
“Cuando las personas están molestas y no satisfacemos sus necesidades, van a probar cosas”, dijo Atheir Abbas, profesor asistente de neurociencia del comportamiento en la Oregon Health & Science University. “Con suerte, los científicos pueden ponerse al día para comprender por qué las personas piensan que esto es realmente útil. Y tal vez sea útil, pero tratemos de averiguar si lo es y cómo”.
Pero existe el peligro de tomar estas historias, sin importar cuán convincentes sean, y extrapolar su seguridad o eficacia.
“La parte difícil es que el plural de anécdota no son datos”, dijo Sabet, el CEO de Smart Approaches to Marijuana. “Y los datos aún no están allí”.
***
Un año después del retiro, Downie, Renfrow y Lee dijeron que creían que su viaje con la psilocibina los había ayudado. No solucionó mágicamente todos sus problemas, pero cada uno lo consideró una experiencia positiva.
Downie ya no siente que está atrapado en un lugar oscuro. Dijo que cuando regresó a Ontario, su familia notó una diferencia de inmediato.
“Ese viaje me dio mucha claridad”, dijo Downie. “Te da direcciones. Te da respuestas internamente. Es algo único que experimenté. Mi año fue definitivamente mejor que el año anterior, eso es seguro… ¿Creo que podría ayudar a otras personas? Yo diría que sí. ¿Me ayudó? Absolutamente”.
Sin sentirse más como un prisionero en su casa, Downie comenzó un campamento de motos de nieve que lleva a los adultos en aventuras guiadas por Moosonee, cerca de James Bay. Es algo que solía hacer con su familia antes de que despegara su carrera en el hockey.
“No es mucho de lo que presumir, pero es lo más al norte al que puedes ir en una moto de nieve en Ontario”, dijo Downie. “Vienen muchos adultos de todas partes. Es una experiencia genial. Siempre ha sido una de mis pasiones”.
Todavía tiene problemas persistentes por sus conmociones cerebrales y sospecha que siempre los tendrá.
“Es lo que es”, dijo. “¿Diría que está mejorando? Es un proceso”.
El resultado más positivo ha sido la alegría que ha encontrado en ser padre.
“Mi pequeño está empezando a enamorarse del hockey, que es algo que he estado esperando”, dijo Downie.
Aunque Downie no ha realizado otro viaje con psilocibina, dijo que estaría abierto a hacerlo.
Renfrow salió de la ceremonia con la intención de retirarse del fútbol profesional, pero tres meses después volvió a firmar con Edmonton Elks de la Canadian Football League. Este año, se unió a los Jacksonville Sharks de la National Arena League, en parte para estar más cerca de su hijo.
“En ese momento, pensé que iba a dejar el fútbol”, dijo.
Pero se siente cómodo donde está y dice que está cumpliendo sus objetivos, incluido presentar ese programa de cocina en YouTube que esperaba hacer. Y dijo que se está divirtiendo de nuevo. Ahora recurre a los hongos cada vez que tiene que tomar una gran decisión.
“Creo de todo corazón en eso y en todo el tipo de orientación que me ha dado”, dijo. “No podrías pedir algo mejor, haber seguido la guía de un viaje con hongos”.
Lee se mudó de California a Austin, Texas, y ahora dirige un negocio de CBD con su hermana. Encontrar su identidad posterior al boxeo sigue siendo un proceso. En sus viajes psicodélicos en el retiro de Wake, dijo Lee, nunca pensó en deportes o boxeo. Sus visiones eran todas sobre la familia, Dios, el universo.
“Simplemente me hace darme cuenta de la importancia que le estoy dando a algo que a mi subconsciente ni siquiera le importa”, dijo. “A mi subconsciente no le importa que sea boxeador, que fui luchador e hice esto y aquello. Es todo tipo de ego”.
La experiencia, dijo, lo ayudó a comprender cuán poderosa puede ser la mente, que puede ser un amigo o un enemigo.
“Salí de eso dándome cuenta de que tengo todas las herramientas para curarme a mí mismo”, dijo. “Eso es enorme. Porque, especialmente para los muchachos que han tenido conmociones cerebrales o atletas o lo que sea, te sientes un poco aislado, te sientes solo, te sientes sin esperanza. Así que te da un sentido de esperanza”.
Le permitió ir más allá de la necesidad de probarse a sí mismo, en el ring o fuera de él, para dejar de medir su valor por sus logros. Se ha obsesionado con actividades mucho más tranquilas y no violentas: el surf y el pickleball.
“Puedo apagar mi cerebro como en el boxeo”, dijo. “Pero al mismo tiempo, es más fácil para mi cuerpo y simplemente, no sé, más satisfactorio. No tengo que probar nada”.
El viaje a Jamaica le está permitiendo salir adelante, hacer el trabajo necesario para sanar.
“Una parte de mí entró con la esperanza de que todos mis problemas se resolvieran, pero poner esas expectativas puede ser difícil”, dijo. “¿Estoy curado? No. ¿Pero realmente ayudó? ¿Y fue como una de las experiencias más profundas de mi vida?
“Yo diría que sí”.
Este artículo fue producido y escrito por Markian Hawryluk de KFF Health News y Kevin Van Valkenburg de ESPN. El investigador John Mastroberardino colaboró con la historia.
Si tu mismo o alguien que conoces puede estar experimentando una crisis de salud mental, llama o envía un mensaje de texto a la Línea de vida de crisis y suicidio al 988 o a la Línea de texto de crisis enviando un mensaje de texto con “HOME” al 741741. En Canadá, llama a Talk Suicide Canada al 1-833- 456-4566 o envía un mensaje de texto al 45645 de 4 pm a medianoche ET.
[Nota del editor: como parte del reportaje de este artículo, algunos miembros del equipo de reporteros de ESPN, bajo la guía del personal de Wake Network, usaron psilocibina. Wake Network fue compensado, pero no por ESPN.]
KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.
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Carbon monoxide deaths are climbing, putting families in peril: ‘My son is lucky to be alive’
Often dubbed "the silent killer," carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless — it’s been shown to cause severe injury or death in hours or even minutes.
Between 2009 and 2019, deaths from non-fire-related carbon monoxide poisoning have been on the rise, according to a new report released by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) last month.
Often dubbed "the silent killer," carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless — it’s been shown to cause severe injury or death in hours or even minutes.
Between 2009 and 2019, deaths from non-fire-related carbon monoxide poisoning have been on the rise, according to a new report released by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) last month.
There were 250 deaths related to consumer products in 2019, more than in any other year in the report.
Some 40% of those deaths were caused by engine-driven tools, including generators, power washers and lawn mowers.
BAHAMAS SANDALS DEATHS: WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING, A QUIET KILLER
Heating systems were behind another 28% of the deaths, the report said.
Kristie Dusenberry, a mother and grandmother who lives with her family on a farm in American Falls, Idaho, knows all too well the devastating impacts of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Her 21-year-old son, Brenden Dusenberry, nearly died recently when fumes filled his small apartment.
About four months ago, her son had moved to Utah, where he was living in an apartment above his uncle’s garage.
"He was excited about living closer to friends and had started a new job," Dusenberry told Fox News Digital in an interview.
When a few family members tried to call Dusenberry’s son over the weekend, no one was able to reach him.
Around midnight on Sunday, Dusenberry got a call from her niece, who also lives at the house.
"She said Brenden was on the floor in the bathroom, couldn’t feel his left side and was throwing up," she said. "No one had seen or heard from him for more than 24 hours."
When first responders arrived, they suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Tests confirmed dangerously high levels in the room where Dusenberry’s son was found.
Over the next few hours, Dusenberry slowly pieced together what had happened.
Her son had gotten very sick over the course of the day, then woke up in the middle of the night with severe thirst. When he tried to get out of bed, his entire left side had gone completely numb.
"Brenden fell and hit his head on a dresser, then tumbled down the stairs to the bathroom, and that's where they found him," Dusenberry explained.
The source of the fumes was a new heater for the outdoor swimming pool, which had just been hooked up and was kept in the garage below the room where Dusenberry’s son was living.
Something had malfunctioned with the heater — causing carbon monoxide to fill the air.
One of the doctors told Dusenberry that carbon monoxide is lighter than air.
"It actually floats and can go through sheet rock, or through any crack in the wall," she said.
While Dusenberry realizes her son is lucky to be alive, she worries about his long and uncertain road to recovery.
"Brenden’s heart is not fully working right now," she told Fox News Digital. "His lungs were inflamed when he got to the hospital, and he had to be put in a hyperbaric chamber to increase his oxygen levels."
TEXAS CARBON MONOXIDE LEAK HOSPITALIZES 6, INCLUDING 5 CHILDREN
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is sometimes used for people who have moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning as a means of reducing the long-term cognitive effects. That's according to Dr. Kelly Johnson-Arbor, medical toxicologist and co-medical director at the National Capital Poison Center in Washington, D.C.
"People who have confusion, heart rhythm abnormalities or other evidence of heart damage, and other serious signs or symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning, are potential candidates for hyperbaric oxygen therapy," she told Fox News Digital.
The doctors also realized that Dusenberry’s son’s kidneys weren’t functioning correctly, which meant he had to receive dialysis treatments.
"Brenden also has nerve damage on the left side of his body, and the doctors said it could take up to a year before he can use his left arm again," Dusenberry said.
"He still can’t walk, and he can’t keep any food or fluids down."
She added, "They did say that all the carbon monoxide is gone — but all the damage it caused is not."
Dr. Dung Trinh, a brain health expert and owner of The Healthy Brain Clinic in Long Beach, California, said the most dangerous outcomes of carbon monoxide poisoning can include death, permanent organ damage and long-term neurological effects.
"Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas that can bind to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its ability to carry oxygen, leading to tissue hypoxia and damage to vital organs," he told Fox News Digital via email.
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In cases where carbon monoxide poisoning is fatal, Trinh said the specific cause of death is often related to severe tissue hypoxia (low levels of oxygen in the tissues) and damage to the brain, heart or lungs, which can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or other life-threatening complications.
The effects of carbon monoxide poisoning can vary, depending on the severity of the exposure and individual factors, the doctor explained.
"In some cases, with prompt and appropriate medical treatment, the effects may be reversible, while in other cases, they may be permanent," he said.
Certain people may be at a higher risk of dying or not recovering fully from carbon monoxide poisoning, such as infants, elderly individuals, pregnant women and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiac conditions, the doctor said.
Those who survive carbon monoxide poisoning may experience adverse long-term effects.
"These can include neurological symptoms like memory problems, difficulty concentrating and mood changes, as well as respiratory and cardiac issues, depending on the severity and duration of exposure," Trinh said.
Dawn Quintana, a 56-year-old former IT worker in Lake Point, Utah, experienced carbon monoxide poisoning at her workplace in 2013, when machinery was being used inside with all the doors and windows closed.
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After repeated daily exposure — 10 hours a day, five days a week, for 90 days — Quintana was regularly experiencing severe flu-like symptoms and lost her sense of taste.
When she was finally tested at the hospital, her levels of exposure were dangerously high.
To this day, even after seven years of therapy, Quintana still experiences the lingering cognitive effects of carbon monoxide poisoning.
"Sometimes I know what I want to say, but it doesn't come out," she told Fox News Digital in an email.
She also struggles with reading: "I can look at something and read it silently just fine, but if I try to read out loud, the letters start to fall away from the page and the left side of the page goes blank."
Quintana has not been able to return to work. She can no longer look at computer screens without getting dizzy and nauseated. Her relationships with friends and family have suffered.
"The struggle that I go through daily — the loss of dignity — I would not wish it upon my worst enemy," she said.
Each year, carbon monoxide poisoning claims the lives of at least 420 people and sends more than 100,000 people to emergency rooms in the U.S. each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The good news is that it’s 100% preventable.
"Some strategies for safety and precaution against carbon monoxide poisoning include regular maintenance and inspection of fuel-burning appliances, proper ventilation in enclosed spaces, using carbon monoxide detectors and avoiding the use of fuel-burning appliances indoors or in enclosed spaces without proper ventilation," Trinh said.
You may not be able to see, smell or taste carbon monoxide — but a working carbon monoxide detector can enable you to "hear" it, said Johnson-Arbor.
"Carbon monoxide detectors can be purchased for [about] $20 at big-box retailers, home improvement stores or even on Amazon," she told Fox News Digital.
Residential carbon monoxide detectors can be plugged into an electrical outlet or can be hard-wired into a home’s electric system, Johnson-Arbor said.
"Because carbon monoxide poisoning can cause excessive sleepiness, it’s important to have a detector installed within 10 feet of every sleeping area of your home," she said.
Additionally, she recommends bringing a portable carbon monoxide detector when traveling, because some hotels or vacation rentals may not have them installed.
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For plug-in detectors, the batteries should be replaced every six months or after any prolonged power outage.
"Never ignore an alarming carbon monoxide detector," Johnson-Arbor added. "These devices can save your life."
While many people associate carbon monoxide poisoning as a risk during the winter months due to malfunctioning furnaces and lack of ventilation, precautions should be taken year-round, warned Johnson-Arbor.
"During the summer months, people can be poisoned by carbon monoxide from faulty swimming pool heaters, indoor use of barbecue grills, gas-powered clothes dryers and other equipment," she told Fox News Digital.
If you suspect a case of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is crucial to immediately evacuate the affected area and seek medical attention without delay, Trinh said.
"Carbon monoxide poisoning is a medical emergency and requires prompt medical intervention," he added.
2 years 3 months ago
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Be well: Catch skin cancer warning signs early with regular self-exams
Every day, more than 9,500 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with skin cancer, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a New York City-based nonprofit.
Early detection and treatment is the key to a positive outcome, doctors say — and performing regular self-exams is the best way to catch the warning signs.
Every day, more than 9,500 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with skin cancer, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a New York City-based nonprofit.
Early detection and treatment is the key to a positive outcome, doctors say — and performing regular self-exams is the best way to catch the warning signs.
The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends checking your skin from head to toe at least once a month.
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"A change to a mole, a sore that won’t heal or a new growth may be a warning sign of skin cancer," said Dr. Nandini Kulkarni, medical director of surgical oncology for Inspira Health in Vineland, New Jersey.
"By conducting regular skin checks, you will become familiar with the pattern of moles, blemishes, freckles and other marks on your skin," she said.
"When you notice a change, you should see your dermatologist."
Keep an eye out for any new, expanding or changing growths, spots or bumps on the skin, says the American Cancer Society.
Other warning signs include a sore that bleeds and/or doesn’t heal after several weeks, a rough or scaly patch of skin, a wart-like growth, or an irregularly shaped or colored mole.
"The letters A-B-C-D-E can help you remember what to look for," said Dr. Kulkarni.
These include:
A - Asymmetry
B - Borders (irregular, raised)
C - Color (especially change in color of a prior mole)
D - Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser)
E - Evolving changes
The best time to do a skin self-exam is after a shower or bath, according to Dr. Kulkarni.
For consistency, do the exam the same way each time.
Choose a well-lit room and use both a full-length mirror and a hand mirror to ensure that nothing gets missed, the doctor said.
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In addition to the more obvious areas, such as the face, arms, legs and sides, remember to check hidden spots like between the fingers, the soles of the feet and the scalp.
"If needed, ask someone for help when checking your skin," Dr. Kulkarni suggested.
"This can help with hard-to-see areas like your back and scalp."
"Skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body, even areas that are not exposed to the sun," said Dr. Kulkarni.
When examining your scalp, she suggests using a comb or blow-dryer to move your hair as you look so you can see more clearly.
The experts agree that self-exams should be a supplement to regular checks at the dermatologist, not a replacement.
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"Although you might become proficient at noticing changes to moles, freckles and other marks on your skin, differentiating between benign and malignant skin conditions takes years of training and practice," said Dr. Kulkarni.
She recommends seeing a dermatologist at least once a year, or more frequently if you have specific concerns about changes to your skin.
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Top Medical Colleges In Gujarat
Gujarat is situated along the western coast of India. Famous around the world for its rich cultural and historical heritage along with vibrant art, crafts, and textiles.
Gujarat has several medical colleges and institutions offering undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses. Gujarat, as of 2023, has 22 government colleges and 13 Private Medical Colleges, which collectively offer 6500 MBBS seats and 2483 PG seats.
Under Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society (GMERS), 5 new medical colleges were set up in Gujarat in 2022, in Morbi, Porbandar, Navsari, Godhra and Rajpipla, which increased the number of medical seats in the state by 500. This goes in harmony with the central Governments endeavour to set up a medical in every district of India.
Admission to medical colleges in Gujarat is based on entrance exams conducted at the national level. The National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test (NEET-UG) is the primary exam for admission to medical courses at the undergraduate level, while postgraduate admissions are based on NEET PG. The admission process is competitive, and students need to qualify for the entrance exam and meet the eligibility criteria set by the respective colleges and universities.
In Gujarat, the state counselling for NEET is conducted by the Admission Committee for Professional Undergraduate Medical Courses (ACPUGMEC). ACPUGMEC is responsible for conducting centralized counselling for admissions to MBBS and BDS courses in all government, grant-in-aid and self-financed colleges in the state.
To participate in counselling, candidates must first register on the ACPUGMEC website and pay the registration fees. The counselling process is conducted in several rounds, each allowing candidates to choose from the available seats and modify their choices based on their preferences and eligibility criteria.
After the counselling rounds are completed, the seat allotment list is published on the website. Candidates allotted a seat must report to the designated college within the specified timeframe to complete the admission process.
It is essential for candidates to regularly check the ACPUGMEC website for updates and announcements related to the counselling process. Candidates should also ensure that they meet the eligibility criteria for the counselling process, such as qualifying for NEET and meeting the minimum cutoff score required by the state.
Government Medical Colleges in Gujarat:1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot
AIIMS Rajkot is one of the six new AIIMS institutions announced by the Government of India in 2018.
The campus of AIIMS Rajkot is spread over an area of 201 acres and it has been built at the cost of around Rs 1,195 crore. The institute is expected to have 960 beds, including 300 beds for critical care, and it will offer undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical courses.
The institute aims to provide quality healthcare and medical education to people in the region and conduct research in various areas of medicine. AIIMS Rajkot will have several facilities, including an auditorium, library, laboratories, classrooms, and hostels for students and faculty. The institute will also have a helipad, which will be used to transport patients in emergencies.
2. B J Medical College, Ahmedabad
B J Medical College is a government medical college in Ahmedabad. It was established in 1871 and is affiliated with Gujarat University. The college offers MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS courses in various specialities of medicine and surgery.
The college has a campus with modern infrastructure and facilities, including lecture halls, laboratories, a library, a hospital, and sports facilities. The hospital associated with the college, Civil Hospital Ahmedabad, is one of the largest government hospitals in India and serves as a major referral centre for patients from all over Gujarat.
3. Medical College, Baroda
The Medical College in Vadodara is a government medical institution situated in Vadodara. It was founded in 1946 and is affiliated with the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. The college offers MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS programs in various fields of medicine and surgery.
The Medical College, Vadodara, is home to a knowledgeable and experienced faculty and is renowned for its outstanding academic achievements.
4. MP Shah Medical College, Jamnagar
MP Shah Medical College is a government medical college located in Jamnagar. It was established in 1954 and is affiliated with Saurashtra University. The college offers MBBS) and postgraduate (MD/MS) courses in various specialities.
The college has a modern campus with state-of-the-art infrastructure and facilities, including lecture halls, laboratories, a library, a hospital, and sports facilities. The hospital associated with the college, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, is a tertiary care hospital.
MP Shah Medical College has a highly qualified and experienced faculty and is renowned for its academic excellence. The college strongly emphasises research and has produced many renowned doctors and medical professionals who have made significant contributions to medicine.
5. Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad
Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College is a government medical college located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It was founded in 1963 and is affiliated with Gujarat University. The college offers undergraduate (MBBS) and postgraduate programs MD/MS in various specialities.
The college features a state-of-the-art campus with excellent facilities and amenities, including classrooms, labs, a library, a hospital, and sporting venues. Smt. S. C. L. Hospital, a tertiary care facility affiliated with the institution, acts as a significant referral hub for patients from Ahmedabad and the surrounding areas.
Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College has a highly qualified and experienced faculty and is known for its academic excellence.
6. Government Medical College, Surat
GMC, Surat is a government medical college that was established in 1964. It is affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University and offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS programs in diverse medical and surgical specialities.
The highly qualified and experienced faculty at Government Medical College, Surat, is renowned for its academic prowess, emphasizing research greatly. The college boasts a modern and well-equipped campus with advanced facilities, including lecture halls, laboratories, a library, a hospital, and sports amenities. New Civil Hospital is a leading tertiary care centre associated with the medical college.
7. Government Medical College, Bhavnagar
Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, is a government-run medical college located in Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Established in 1995, the college is affiliated with the Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University and offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS programs in various specialities of medicine and surgery.
The college campus has modern facilities, including lecture halls, laboratories, a library, a hospital, and sports amenities. The hospital associated with the college, Sir T. General Hospital, is a large tertiary care hospital and acts as a major referral centre for patients from the Bhavnagar district and surrounding areas.
The college's highly experienced and qualified faculty is well-known for its academic excellence.
8. Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, located in the city of Rajkot in Gujarat, is a government medical college. It was established in 1995 and is affiliated with Saurashtra University. The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS programs.
The campus of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College is modern and well-equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, including lecture halls, laboratories, a library, a hospital, and sports amenities. The hospital associated with the college, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, is a tertiary care hospital that serves patients from Rajkot.
9. Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research, Surat
Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research (SMIMER) is a Government medical college located in Surat. The institute was established in 1999 and is affiliated with the Veer Narmad South Gujarat University. SMIMER offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate MD/MS programs in various specialities of medicine and surgery.
Modern, state-of-the-art facilities, such as lecture halls, labs, a library, a hospital, and sporting facilities, are all on the SMIMER campus. Surat Municipal Corporation Hospital, a major tertiary care facility affiliated with the college, is a key location for patients from Surat.
10. Narendra Modi Medical College, Ahmedabad
Narendra Modi Medical College formerly known as Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Medical Education Trust (AMC MET) Medical College is a government medical college in Ahmedabad. The college is affiliated with Gujarat University and is recognized by the NMC.
AMCMET Medical College offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs, including MD, and MS. The hospital is attached to the college and serves as a teaching hospital for the students.
The college has a team of experienced and dedicated faculty members who provide high-quality education and training to the students. The curriculum is designed to meet the international standards of medical education and focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects of medicine.
11. GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara
GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara is a government medical college. The college was established in 2011 and is affiliated with MS University of Baroda. It offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
The college has a modern infrastructure with classrooms, laboratories, and a library. The college has a 900-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities such as an ICU, NICU, CCU, and emergency department that provide healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions. The hospital has advanced medical technology and well-trained staff to provide quality medical care. The college also offers various scholarships and financial assistance to deserving students.
12. GMERS Medical College, Sola, Ahmedabad
GMERS Medical College, Sola, Ahmedabad, is a government medical college in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The college is affiliated with Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs, including MBBS, MD, MS, and various diploma programs. The faculty at GMERS Medical College, Sola is highly experienced and dedicated, providing top-quality education and training to the students.
13. GMERS Medical College, Valsad
GMERS Medical College, Valsad is a government medical college in the Valsad district of Gujarat. The college is affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs MD, MS, and diploma courses. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital. The attached hospital serves as a teaching hospital for students and is equipped with the latest medical technology.
The faculty at GMERS Medical College, Valsad is highly qualified, providing top-quality education and training to the students.
14. GMERS Medical College, Dharpur Patan
GMERS Medical College, Dharpur Patan is a government medical college in Patan. The college is affiliated with Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs, including MBBS, MD, MS, and various diploma courses. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital. The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the students and provides quality healthcare services to the patients.
The faculty at GMERS Medical College, Dharpur Patan is highly experienced and qualified, providing excellent education and training to the students. The curriculum is designed to meet international standards of medical education and emphasizes both theoretical and practical aspects of medicine.
15. GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar
GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar, is a reputed medical college that provides quality medical education and training to its students. The college has a strong track record of academic excellence and the success of its alumni in the medical field.
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs. The college is affiliated with Gujarat University and is recognized by the NMC. The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the students, providing hands-on experience in patient care and treatment.
16. GMERS Medical College, Hadiyol, Himmatnagar
GMERS Medical College, Hadiyol, Himmatnagar is a renowned government medical college in Sabarkantha. The college is affiliated with Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical programs MD, MS, and diploma courses. The curriculum is designed in such a way that it meets international standards of medical education and emphasizes both theoretical and practical aspects of medicine
The faculty at GMERS Medical College, Hadiyol, Himmatnagar is highly experienced and qualified, providing excellent education and training to the students.
17. GMERS Medical College, Junagadh
GMERS Medical College, Junagadh is a prestigious medical college in the Junagadh district of Gujarat. The college is affiliated with Saurashtra University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical courses, including MD, MS, and diploma courses. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital. The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the students and provides quality healthcare services to the patients.
18. GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Mehsana
GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Mehsana, is a well-known government medical college in the Mehsana district of Gujarat. The college is affiliated with Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The faculty at GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Mehsana offers students excellent instruction and guidance as they are highly skilled and experienced. The college offers undergraduate MBBS and postgraduate medical courses, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital. The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the students and provides quality healthcare services to the patients.
19. GMERS Medical College, Rajpipla
GMERS Medical College, Rajpipla is a prominent medical college in the Narmada district of Gujarat. The college is affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
The college offers undergraduate course MBBS and postgraduate medical courses, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The faculty is extremely skilled and knowledgeable, offering the students excellent instruction and training.
20. Government Medical College, Porbandar
Government Medical College, Porbandar is a renowned medical college in the coastal town of Porbandar. The college is affiliated with Bhakta Kavi Narsing Mehta University, Bikha Roa, Khadia, and is recognized by the NMC.
The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses, including MBBS, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The curriculum is designed to meet international standards of medical education and emphasizes both theoretical and practical aspects of medicine. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital. The hospital is a teaching hospital for students and provides quality healthcare services to patients.
21. Government Medical College, Morbi
The state government in line with Prime Ministers aim to establish a medical college in every district of the country has decided to set up 5 new medical colleges. The GMC in Morbi is one of them. It will have 100 MBBS seats with state-of-the-art infrastructure and the latest technology.
The facility has been equipped with modern facilities including labs, and a hospital. The hospital offers its patients high-quality medical care while also acting as a teaching facility for students. The curriculum emphasises academic and practical parts of medicine and is created to match worldwide standards for medical education.
22. Government Medical College, Panchmahal Godhra
Government Medical College, Panchmahal is a well-known medical college in Godhra. The college is affiliated with Shri Govind Guru University, Godhara and is recognized by the NMC. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses, including MBBS, MD, MS, and diploma courses. The campus has modern facilities such as a library, laboratory, and hospital.
Private Medical Colleges in Gujarat:1. Pramukhswami Medical College, Karmsad
Pramukhswami Medical College is a private medical college in Karamsad, a town in the Anand district of Gujarat. It was established in 1987 and is affiliated with Sardar Patel University. The college offers MBBS and postgraduate undergraduate medical courses in specialities such as Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology, Anesthesia, Radiology, and Obstetrics & Gynecology.
The college is known for its quality medical education and state-of-the-art facilities. The campus has a 750-bedded teaching hospital equipped with modern medical equipment and technology. The hospital provides healthcare assistance to the local community and neighbouring regions.
PMC has been recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with an 'A' grade.
2. CU Shah Medical College, Surendra Nagar
CU Shah Medical College is a private medical college in Surendranagar. It was inaugurated in 2000 and is affiliated with Saurashtra University. The college offers undergraduate medical courses (MBBS) as well as postgraduate courses in various medical specialities such as Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Pathology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Community Medicine, Forensic Medicine, and Obstetrics & Gynecology.
CU Shah Medical College has a 600-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and state-of-the-art technology. The hospital provides healthcare to the local community and surrounding areas. The college focuses on providing quality medical education and training to its students, strongly emphasising research and community service. The college also has a well-established research program, and faculty members actively engage in research activities in various medical fields.
3. SBKS Medical Institute & Research Centre, Vadodra
SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre is a private medical college in Vadodara, Gujarat. Established in 2002, it is affiliated with the Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed University. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS as well as postgraduate courses in various medical specialities such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Community Medicine, Forensic Medicine, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Surgery, Orthopedics, ENT, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Radiology, and Obstetrics & Gynecology.
SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre has a 1200-bedded teaching hospital, equipped with modern medical facilities and advanced technology. The college also has a well-established research program, and faculty members actively engage in research activities in various medical fields.
4. Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj
Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences (GAIMS) is a private medical college in Bhuj, Gujarat. The institute was established in 2009 and is affiliated with KSKV Kachchh University. The college provides undergraduate medical courses MBBS as well as postgraduate programs in various medical specialities such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Surgery, Orthopedics, ENT, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Radiology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Obstetrics & Gynecology.
GAIMS has a 750-bedded teaching hospital, well-equipped with modern medical facilities and advanced technology. The hospital offers healthcare services to the local community and surrounding areas.
5. GCS Medical College, Ahmedabad
GCS Medical College is a private medical college in Ahmedabad. It was set up in 2011 and is affiliated with Gujarat University. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
GCS has been recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with an 'A' grade. Various ranking agencies have also ranked it among the top medical colleges in Gujarat.
6. Parul Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Vadodara
Parul Institute of Medical Sciences & Research is a private medical college in Vadodara, Gujarat. Established in 2016, it is affiliated with Parul University and offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
The college has a 1200-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and advanced technology that provides healthcare services to the people of Vadodara. The faculty actively engages in research activities in various medical fields, and the college has a well-established research program.
7. Dr M.K. Shah Medical College & Research Centre, Ahmedabad
Dr M.K. Shah Medical College & Research Centre is a private medical college in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Established in 2017, it is affiliated with Gujarat University and offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS.
The college has a 650-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and advanced technology that provides healthcare services. The faculty members actively engage in research activities in various medical fields, and the college has a well-established research program.
8. Zydus Medical College & Hospital, Dahod
Zydus Medical College & Hospital is a private medical college in Dahod, Gujarat. Established in 2018 and is affiliated with Shri Govind Guru University, Godhara. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS.
The college has a 700-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and advanced technology that provides healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions. The faculty actively engages in research activities in various medical fields, and the college has a well-established research program.
The college was established in 2016 by the Ramanbhai Foundation, a charitable trust set up by the Zydus group, a leading pharmaceutical company in India. The college aims to provide high-quality medical education to students and produce competent healthcare professionals who can contribute to society. The college has a team of experienced and dedicated faculty members who use innovative teaching methodologies and modern technology to provide a stimulating and challenging learning environment for students. The curriculum is designed to build a strong foundation in basic medical sciences, clinical skills, and ethical values.
9. Banas Medical College and Research Institute, Palanpur
Banas Medical College and Research Institute is a private medical college in Palanpur. Established in 2018, it is affiliated with the Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University. The college offers MBBS and postgraduate medical courses in various medical specialities.
The college has a team of experienced and dedicated faculty members who use innovative teaching methodologies and modern technology to provide students with a stimulating and challenging learning environment. The curriculum is designed to build a strong foundation in medical sciences and clinical skills.
Apart from academic activities, the college also emphasizes extracurricular activities like sports and cultural events, and community service. The college has various student clubs and organizations that promote social responsibility, leadership, and teamwork.
10. Shantabaa Medical College, Amreli
Shantabaa Medical College, also known as Smt. S. M. Shah Medical College and Research Centre is a private medical college in Vadodara. It was established in 2019 and is affiliated with the Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS.
The college has a 700-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and advanced technology that provides healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions. The faculty engages in research activities in various medical fields, and the college has a well-established research program.
11. Nootan Medical College and Research Centre, Mehsana
Nootan Medical College and Research Centre is a private medical college located in Mehsana, Gujarat. Established in 2019 and is affiliated with the Sankalchand Patel University. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
The college has a 750-bedded teaching hospital that provides healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions. The hospital has modern medical facilities such as an ICU, NICU, CCU, and emergency department. The hospital is also equipped with advanced diagnostic equipment such as CT scans, MRIs, and digital radiography. The clinical training is designed to provide a hands-on experience to students and help them develop clinical skills.
12. Dr N.D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Nadiad
Dr N.D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research is a private medical college in Nadiad, Gujarat. Established in 2014 and is affiliated with Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad. The college offers undergraduate medical courses MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
The college has a 700-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities and advanced technology that provides healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions. The faculty actively engage in research activities in various medical fields, and the college has a well-established research program.
The college has well-equipped classrooms, laboratories, and a library. The library has a vast collection of medical books, journals, and research papers. The college also has a digital library with access to online medical resources.
13. Dr Kiran C.Patel Medical College and Research Institute, Ahmedabad
Dr Kiran C. Patel Medical College and Research Institute is a private medical college in Ahmedabad. The college was established in 2020 and is affiliated with Veer Narmad South Gujarat University. It offers undergraduate medical courses, MBBS and postgraduate courses in various medical specialities.
The faculty members of Dr Kiran C. Patel Medical College and Research Institute are highly qualified and experienced. The college has an 850-bedded teaching hospital with modern medical facilities such as an ICU, NICU, CCU, and emergency department that provide healthcare services to the local community and surrounding regions.
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